全生育期咸水滴灌对土壤盐分累积和棉花生长的影响

doi:10.13866/j.azr.2022.06.25

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

通过研究不同灌溉水盐度和施氮量对土壤可溶性盐离子、土壤元素、酶活性、棉花生长和产量的影响，分析三者之间的关系。试验设置3种灌溉水盐度，即：0.35 dS·m^-1（淡水，FW）、4.61 dS·m^-1（微咸水，BW）和8.04 dS·m^-1（咸水，SW）；施氮量分别为0 kg·hm^-2（N0）和360 kg·hm^-2（N360）。结果表明：（1）与淡水灌溉相比，微咸水和咸水灌溉显著降低棉花生物量和籽棉产量；与不施氮处理相比，施氮处理显著增加棉花生物量和籽棉产量。（2）随灌溉水盐度增加，Na⁺、Ca²⁺、Cl^-和Ca含量显著增加， $S O 4 2 -$ 、 $H C O 3 -$ 、Mg²⁺、Na、Ni、Co、Cr、K、Fe、Se和Cu含量显著降低；在施氮条件下，Na⁺、Ca²⁺、Cl^-和 $S O 4 2 -$ 含量显著增加， $H C O 3 -$ 、Mg²⁺、K⁺、P、K、Ca、Fe、Se、Zn、Al和Mg含量显著降低。（3）随灌溉水盐度增加，蔗糖酶、过氧化氢酶、脱氢酶、多酚氧化酶、羟胺还原酶、碱性磷酸酶和芳基硫酸酯酶活性显著降低，硝酸还原酶和亚硝酸还原酶活性显著增加；施氮显著增加土壤酶活性。综合分析，咸水灌溉降低了土壤蔗糖酶、过氧化氢酶、脱氢酶、多酚氧化酶、羟胺还原酶、碱性磷酸酶和芳基硫酸酯酶活性，使得籽棉产量降低，咸水中的可溶性盐分离子Cl^-、 $S O 4 2 -$ 、Na⁺和Ca²⁺是酶活性变化的主要驱动因子。

关键词: 水盐度, 施氮量, 土壤离子, 土壤酶活性, 籽棉产量

Abstract:

There is a shortage of freshwater resources in arid areas, but saline water resources are abundant. Long-term saline water irrigation will affect soil chemical properties, cotton growth, and yield. By studying the effects of different irrigation water salinity and nitrogen application rates on soil soluble salt ions, soil elements, enzyme activity, cotton growth, and yield, their relationship was analyzed. Three kinds of irrigation water salinity were set in the experiment, which were 0.35 (freshwater), 4.61 (brackish water), and 8.04 (saline water) dS·m^-1, expressed in FW, BW, and SW, respectively. The nitrogen application rates are 0 and 360 kg·hm^-2 respectively, which are expressed as N0 and N360, respectively. The results showed that: (1) compared with fresh water irrigation, brackish water, and saline water irrigation significantly reduced cotton biomass and seed cotton yield. Compared with no nitrogen application, nitrogen application significantly increased cotton biomass and seed cotton yield. (2) With the increase in salinity of irrigation water, the contents of Na⁺, Ca²⁺, Cl^-, and Ca increased significantly, while the contents of $S O 4 2 -$ , $H C O 3 -$ , Mg²⁺, Na, Ni, Co, Cr, K, Fe, Se, and Cu decreased significantly. Under the condition of nitrogen application, the contents of Na⁺, Ca²⁺, Cl^-, and $S O 4 2 -$ increased significantly, while the contents of $H C O 3 -$ , Mg²⁺, K⁺, P, K, Ca, Fe, Se, Zn, Al, and Mg decreased significantly. (3) With the increase in salinity of irrigation water, the activities of sucrase, catalase, dehydrogenase, polyphenol oxidase, hydroxylamine reductase, alkaline phosphatase, and aryl sulfatase decreased significantly, while the activities of nitrate reductase and nitrite reductase increased significantly. Nitrogen application significantly increased soil enzyme activity. Comprehensive analysis showed that saline water irrigation reduced the activities of soil sucrase, catalase, dehydrogenase, polyphenol oxidase, hydroxylamine reductase, alkaline phosphatase, and aryl sulfatase, and reduced the yield of seed cotton. The soluble salt ions Cl^-, SO₄^2-, Na⁺, and Ca²⁺ in saline water were the main driving factors for the change in enzyme activity.

Key words: water salinity, nitrogen application rate, soil ions, soil enzyme activity, seed cotton yield

郭晓雯,刘佳炜,郑志玉,闵伟. 全生育期咸水滴灌对土壤盐分累积和棉花生长的影响[J]. 干旱区研究, 2022, 39(6): 1952-1965.

GUO Xiaowen,LIU Jiawei,ZHENG Zhiyu,MIN Wei. Effects of saline water drip irrigation on soil salt accumulation and cotton growth during the whole growth period[J]. Arid Zone Research, 2022, 39(6): 1952-1965.

图/表 9

表1

3种灌溉水质化学性质"

处理	离子浓度/（g·L^-1）
处理	K⁺	Na⁺	Ca²⁺	Mg²⁺	$H C O 3 -$	Cl^-	$S O 4 2 -$
FW	0.013	0.005	0.049	0.014	0.060	0.087	0.035
BW	0.013	0.587	0.550	0.014	0.065	1.866	0.040
SW	0.013	1.301	1.165	0.014	0.070	3.534	0.040

表1

图1

表2

图2

图3

图4

图5

图6

图7

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水盐度	施氮量	Na /（g·kg^-1）	P /（g·kg^-1）	K /（g·kg^-1）	Ca /（g·kg^-1）	Mg /（g·kg^-1）	Fe /（g·kg^-1）	Cu /（mg·kg^-1）	Zn /（mg·kg^-1）
FW	N0	19.47a	1.26a	22.89a	26.80a	18.07a	33.26a	30.10a	157.52a
	N360	20.06a	1.18a	21.88a	26.58a	17.92a	31.67a	29.50a	135.21b
BW	N0	20.23a	1.48a	23.05a	27.25a	20.25a	33.77a	30.68a	154.47a
	N360	17.87b	1.23b	21.66b	26.91a	18.21b	30.90b	28.80b	128.01b
SW	N0	17.81a	1.24a	20.87a	29.94a	18.29a	29.68b	27.06a	146.72a
	N360	18.12a	1.20b	21.09a	28.60b	16.06b	30.95a	28.12a	132.76a
两因素方差分析
水盐度（S）		***	***	***	***	*	***	**	ns
施氮量（N）		ns	***	**	*	**	**	ns	***
交互作用（N×S）		***	***	*	ns	ns	***	ns	ns
水盐度	施氮量	Mn /（g·kg^-1）	Mo /（mg·kg^-1）	Ni /（mg·kg^-1）	Se /（mg·kg^-1）	Co /（mg·kg^-1）	Al /（g·kg^-1）	Cr /（mg·kg^-1）	Cd /（mg·kg^-1）
FW	N0	0.9101a	1.19b	33.79a	0.1354a	14.20a	38.51a	64.58a	0.2031a
	N360	0.8954a	1.56a	33.81a	0.1284a	14.00a	37.99a	64.41a	0.2005a
BW	N0	0.9268a	1.45a	32.27a	0.1334a	14.62a	39.44a	60.38a	0.1999a
	N360	0.8997b	1.18a	30.51a	0.1101b	13.13b	38.48a	56.16b	0.1967a
SW	N0	0.8281b	1.41a	29.37b	0.1085a	12.69a	39.01a	52.97b	0.1871b
	N360	0.8505a	1.32a	31.07a	0.1148a	13.30a	36.44b	59.52a	0.1976a
两因素方差分析
水盐度（S）		***	ns	***	***	**	ns	***	ns
施氮量（N）		ns	ns	ns	*	ns	*	ns	ns
交互作用（N×S）		**	***	**	**	**	ns	**	ns