雅鲁藏布江中游风沙区典型下垫面空气动力学参数研究

doi:10.13866/j.azr.2022.04.01

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

近地层空气动力学参数是风沙研究的重要内容。雅鲁藏布江（以下简称雅江）中游是西藏地区风沙灾害最为严重的区域之一,河漫滩和山麓流沙区是雅江中游地区风沙灾害的主要物源区,对其近地表空气动力学参数的研究,有助于对该地区的风沙灾害进行评估和沙尘暴预报预警。选取河漫滩植被区（植被盖度>20%）、人为干扰区（植被盖度<20%）和流沙区（无任何植被）3种下垫面,利用风速廓线法计算摩阻风速（u_*）和空气动力学粗糙度（z₀）。结果表明：（1）近地层风速降幅植被区>人为干扰区>流沙区,植被区风速降幅约是流沙区的2倍。（2）不同下垫面近地层风速廓线均可以表达为对数线性函数（u_z=bln(z)+a）,但拟合参数不同。（3）植被区、人为干扰区和流沙区u_*平均值分别为0.73 m·s^-1、0.59 m·s^-1和0.36 m·s^-1,z₀平均值分别为7.1×10^-2 m、3.7×10^-2 m和4.7×10^-4 m。植被区u_*和z₀约为流沙区的2倍和150倍。（4）植被区、人为干扰区和流沙区的u_*均随平均风速增大而增大,且增幅植被区>人为干扰区>流沙区。（5）植被区和流沙区z₀对平均风速的响应方式不同,植被区的z₀随风速增大而缓慢增大,流沙区的z₀在低风速有减小趋势,当风速增大到阈值（6.5 m·s^-1）后,z₀开始增加。

关键词: 雅鲁藏布江, 风速廓线, 摩阻风速, 空气动力学, 粗糙度长度

Abstract:

Aerodynamic parameters are an important research focus in the study of aeolian areas. Some of the most severe aeolian damage occurs along the middle reaches of the Yarlung Zangbo River in Tibet. The floodplains and shifting sand dunes are the main surface types and source areas of wind-sand degradation in this region. The study of aerodynamic parameters is conducive to the assessment of aeolian damage and the forecasting of sandstorms. For this reason, we examined aeolian processes in three surface types: river floodplain vegetation area (vegetation coverage > 20%), disturbed river floodplain vegetation area (vegetation coverage < 20%), and sand dune area (without any vegetation). The wind speed profile method was used to calculate the frictional wind speed (u_*) and aerodynamic roughness (z₀). The results showed the following: (1) The wind speed reduction amplitude near the ground layer was in the following order: vegetation area > disturbed vegetation area > sand dune area, and the wind speed reduction near the ground layer in the vegetation area was nearly twice that of the sand dune. (2) Although the near-surface wind speed profiles of different underlying surfaces can be expressed as log-linear functions (u_z = bln(z) + a), the fitting parameters are different. (3) The averaged values of u_* in the vegetation area, disturbed vegetation area, and sand dunes are 0.73, 0.59, and 0.36 m·s^-1, respectively, and the averaged values of z₀ are 7.1 × 10^-2, 3.7 × 10^-2, and 4.7 × 10^-4 m, respectively. The u_* and z₀ of the vegetation area are approximately 2 and 150 times those of the sand dunes, respectively. (4) The u_* of the vegetation area, disturbed vegetation area, and sand dunes all increased with increasing averaged wind speed, and the increase in amplitude is in the following order: vegetation area > disturbed vegetation area > sand dunes. (5) The responses of z₀ to the average wind speed in the vegetation zone and the sand dunes are clearly different. The z₀ of the vegetation area increased slowly with the increase in wind speed. The value of z₀ in the sand dunes area has a decreasing trend at low wind speeds but begins to increase when the wind speed increases to a threshold value of 6.5 m·s^-1.

Key words: Yarlung Zangbo River, wind speed profile, friction velocity, aerodynamics, roughness length

张正偲,张焱,马鹏飞,潘凯佳,扎多,益西拉姆,仁青桑布. 雅鲁藏布江中游风沙区典型下垫面空气动力学参数研究[J]. 干旱区研究, 2022, 39(4): 997-1005.

ZHANG Zhengcai,ZHANG Yan,MA Pengfei,PAN Kaijia,ZHA Duo,Yixi Lamu,Renqing Sangbu. Aerodynamic parameters of typical underlying surfaces in an aeolian region in the middle reaches of the Yarlung Zangbo River[J]. Arid Zone Research, 2022, 39(4): 997-1005.

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高度/cm	S1风速/(m·s^-1)	降幅/%	S2风速/(m·s^-1)	降幅/%	高度/cm	C1风速/(m·s^-1)	降幅/%	C2风速/(m·s^-1)	降幅/%
180	6.43±2.19	31	6.36±2.27	30	170	8.12±1.61	7	7.77±1.67	6
90	4.44±1.97	36	4.45±2.05	32	80	7.59±1.44	9	7.30±1.62	16
40	2.86±1.47	45	3.02±1.35	29	30	6.88±1.27	12	6.12±1.51	5
20	1.56±0.98	58	2.15±1.18	31	10	6.07±1.08	21	5.83±1.27	21
8	0.65±0.37	89	1.49±0.79	77	5	4.80±0.78	40	4.58±1.07	41

地点	海拔/m	c	d	R²	RMSE
塔中^[31]	1099	0.23	0.88	0.98	0.04
敦煌沙漠^[32]	1139	0.16	0.92	0.99	0.08
库布齐风电场^[33]	1200	0.13	0.93	0.99	0.03
巴丹吉林拐子湖^[34]	1390	0.12	0.94	0.98	0.06
中卫风沙观测场^[35]	1650	0.11	0.94	0.98	0.05
昌果	3650	0.11	0.96	0.99	0.18