不同起沙阈值判定方案在塔克拉玛干沙漠的适用性对比研究

doi:10.13866/j.azr.2022.04.02

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

风沙运动是区域与全球变化研究中不可忽视的地表过程。起沙阈值（临界起沙风速、临界起沙摩擦速度）作为判定风沙运动是否发生的关键参数,是风沙运动研究的核心问题。利用塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地野外同步观测的风沙运动和气象资料,结合数理模型计算,定量评估了Stout、Kurosaki and Mikami（KM）、李晓岚和张宏升（LZ）、Marticorena and Bergametti（MB）、Shao and Lu（SL）5种起沙阈值判定方案的适用性,并利用最优方案确定了研究区新的起沙阈值。结果表明：（1） 5种方案均存在不确定性,KM方案确定的起沙阈值一定程度上高估了起沙时长与沙尘水平通量,其他4种方案则相反,但KM方案最优。（2）塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地2 m高度临界起沙风速变化范围为4.0~6.0 m·s^-1,临界起沙摩擦速度变化范围为0.24~0.36 m·s^-1;起沙阈值具有季节性差异,符合夏季>秋季>春季>冬季的变化规律。

关键词: 风沙运动, 临界起沙风速, 临界起沙摩擦速度, 塔克拉玛干沙漠

Abstract:

Aeolian sand movement is a crucial surface process in the study of regional and global changes. As a key parameter in determining wind-sand movement occurrence, the emission threshold (threshold velocity, threshold friction velocity) is a core issue in the study of wind-sand movement. Taking the Taklimakan Desert as the target area, using synchronously observed wind-sand movement and meteorological data in the field, combined with mathematical model calculations, the applicability of five emission threshold judgment schemes from Stout, Kurosaki and Mikami (KM), Li Xiaolan and Zhang Hongsheng (LZ), Marticorena and Bergametti (MB), and Shao and Lu (SL) was quantitatively assessed, and the optimal scheme was used to determine the new emission threshold of the Taklimakan Desert. The following results are presented. (1) Uncertainties exist in all five schemes. The emission threshold determined by the KM scheme overestimates the dust emission time and the dust level flux to a certain extent. The four other schemes are opposite, but the KM scheme is the best. (2) The 2 m threshold velocity in the hinterland of the Taklimakan Desert varies from 4.0 m·s^-1 to 6.0 m·s^-1, and the threshold friction velocity varies from 0.24 m·s^-1 to 0.36 m·s^-1. Moreover, the emission threshold has seasonal differences, which is consistent with summer > autumn > spring > winter.

Key words: wind-blown sand movement, threshold velocity, threshold friction velocity, Taklimakan Desert

杨兴华,马明杰,周成龙,何清. 不同起沙阈值判定方案在塔克拉玛干沙漠的适用性对比研究[J]. 干旱区研究, 2022, 39(4): 1006-1016.

YANG Xinghua,MA Mingjie,ZHOU Chenglong,HE Qing. Comparative study of the applicability of emission threshold determining method in the Taklimakan Desert[J]. Arid Zone Research, 2022, 39(4): 1006-1016.

图/表 9

图1

图2

图3

图4

表1

表2

图5

表3

表4

参考文献 50

[1]	Bagnold R A. The Physics of Blown Sand and Desert Dunes[M]. London: Methuen, 1941.
[2]	朱震达. 中国北方沙漠化现状及发展趋势[J]. 中国沙漠, 1985, 5(3): 4-12.
	[Zhu Zhenda. Status and trend of desertification in northern China[J]. Journal of Desert Research, 1985, 5(3): 4-12.]
[3]	王涛. 中国风沙防治工程[M]. 北京: 科学出版社, 2011.
	[Wang Tao. Project for Wind-Blown Sand Prevention and Control in China[M]. Beijing: Science Press, 2011.]
[4]	李生宇, 范敬龙, 王海峰, 等. 蒙古高原交通干线风沙(雪)危害防治技术方案[J]. 干旱区研究, 2021, 38(6): 1760-1770.
	[Li Shengyu, Fan Jinglong, Wang Haifeng, et al. Ecological restoration and control technology schemes for hazards of windblown sand and snow along primary communication lines in the Mongolian Plateau[J]. Arid Zone Research, 2021, 38(6): 1760-1770.]
[5]	Ramanathan V, Crutzen P J, Kiehl J T, et al. Aerosols, climate and the hydrological cycle[J]. Science, 2001, 294(5549): 2119-2124. doi: 10.1126/science.1064034 pmid: 11739947
[6]	张小曳. 中国大气气溶胶及其气候效应的研究[J]. 地球科学进展, 2007, 22(1): 12-16. doi: 10.11867/j.issn.1001-8166.2007.01.0012
	[Zhang Xiaoye. Aerosol over China and their climate effect[J]. Advance in Earth Science, 2007, 22(1): 12-16.] doi: 10.11867/j.issn.1001-8166.2007.01.0012
[7]	Che H Z, Zhang X Y, Stephane A, et al. Aerosol optical properties and its radiative forcing over Yulin, China in 2001 and 2002[J]. Advances in Atmospheric Sciences, 2009, 26(3): 564-576. doi: 10.1007/s00376-009-0564-4
[8]	Huang J P, Wang T H, Wang W C, et al. Climate effects of dust aerosols over East Asian arid and semiarid regions[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research, 2014, 119(19): 11398-11416.
[9]	高会旺, 祁建华, 石金辉, 等. 亚洲沙尘的远距离输送及对海洋生态系统的影响[J]. 地球科学进展, 2009, 24(1): 1-10. doi: 10.11867/j.issn.1001-8166.2009.01.0001
	[Gao Huiwang, Qi Jianhua, Shi Jinhui, et al. Long-range transport of Aisan dust and its effects on ocean ecosystem[J]. Advance in Earth Science, 2009, 24(1): 1-10.] doi: 10.11867/j.issn.1001-8166.2009.01.0001
[10]	石广玉, 檀赛春, 陈彬. 沙尘和生物气溶胶的环境和气候效应[J]. 大气科学, 2018, 42(3): 559-569.
	[Shi Guangyu, Tan Saichun, Chen Bin. Environmental and climatic effects of mineral dust and bioaerosol[J]. Chinese Journal of Atmospheric Sciences, 2018, 42(3): 559-569.]
[11]	Prospero J M. Assessing the impact of advected African dust on air quality and health in the eastern United States[J]. Human and Ecological Risk Assessment, 1999, 5(3): 471-479. doi: 10.1080/10807039.1999.10518872
[12]	王金玉, 李盛, 王式功, 等. 沙尘污染对人体健康的影响及其机制研究进展[J]. 中国沙漠, 2013, 33(4): 1160-1165.
	[Wang Jinyu, Li Sheng, Wang Shigong, et al. A review on effect of dust pollution on human health and its mechanism[J]. Journal of Desert Research, 2013, 33(4): 1160-1165.]
[13]	Stout J E, Warren A, Gill T E. Publication trends in aeolian research: An analysis of the bibliography of aeolian research[J]. Geomorphology, 2009, 105(1-2): 6-17. doi: 10.1016/j.geomorph.2008.02.015
[14]	杜鹤强, 薛娴, 王涛. 黄河上游宁夏-内蒙古段跃移沙粒起动风速的空间分布[J]. 农业工程学报, 2013, 29(14): 210-219.
	[Du Heqiang, Xue Xian, Wang Tao. Spatial distribution of threshold wind velocity for sand saltation in Ningxia-Inner Mongolia reach of upstream of Yellow River[J]. Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, 2013, 29(14): 210-219.]
[15]	王仁德, 常春平, 郭中领, 等. 适用于河北坝上地区的农田风蚀经验模型[J]. 中国沙漠, 2017, 37(6): 1071-1078.
	[Wang Rende, Chang Chunping, Guo Zhongling, et al. A wind erosion empirical model of farmland applied in Bashang area of Hebei, China[J]. Journal of Desert Research, 2017, 37(6): 1071-1078.]
[16]	Marticorena B, Bergametti G. Modeling the atmospheric dust cycle: 1. Design of a soil-derived dust emissionscheme[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research, 1995, 100(D8): 16415-16430. doi: 10.1029/95JD00690
[17]	Shao Y. Physics and Modelling of Wind Erosion[M]. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishing, 2008.
[18]	杨兴华. 塔克拉玛干沙漠地表起沙观测与起沙参数化方案改进[D]. 南京: 南京信息工程大学, 2019.
	[Yang Xinghua. Observation and Parameterization on Dust Emission over the Taklimakan Desert[D]. Nanjing: Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, 2019.]
[19]	董治宝. 中国风沙物理研究50年(I)[J]. 中国沙漠, 2005, 25(3): 293-305.
	[Dong Zhibao. Research achievements in aeolian physics in China for the last five decades[J]. Journal of Desert Research, 2005, 25(3): 293-305.]
[20]	申彦波. 西北地区风蚀起沙(尘)的计算与数值模拟[D]. 北京: 中国科学院大学, 2005.
	[Shen Yanbo. Calculations and Numerical Simulations of Sand and Dust Emissions by Wind Erosion in Northwest China[D]. Beijing: University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 2005.]
[21]	Zhang Z C, Dong Z B, Qian G Q, et al. Gravel-desert surface properties and their influences on the wind-erosion threshold friction velocity in North-West China[J]. Boundary-Layer Meteorology, 2021, 179(1): 117-131. doi: 10.1007/s10546-020-00589-8
[22]	Sankey J B, Germino M J, Glenn N F. Relationships of post-fire aeolian transport to soil and atmospheric conditions[J]. Aeolian Research, 2009, 1(1-2): 75-85. doi: 10.1016/j.aeolia.2009.07.002
[23]	Yang X H, Zhou C L, Huo W, et al. A study on the effects of soil moisture, air humidity, and air temperature on wind speed threshold for dust emissions in the Taklimakan Desert[J]. Natural Hazards, 2019, 97(3): 1069-1081. doi: 10.1007/s11069-019-03686-1
[24]	李晓岚. 科尔沁沙地起沙特征及参数化方案的实验研究[D]. 北京: 北京大学, 2014.
	[Li Xiaolan. Observation and Parameterization on Dust Emission over Horqin Sandy Land Area[D]. Beijing: Peking University, 2014.]
[25]	Kawamura R. Study on Sand Movement by Wind[R]. Tokyo: Institute of Science and Technology, 1951.
[26]	Iversen J D, Rasmussen K R. The effects of surface slope on saltation threshold[J]. Sedimentology, 1994, 41(4): 721-728. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-3091.1994.tb01419.x
[27]	Dong Z B, Liu X P, Wang X M. Wind initiation thresholds of the moistened sands[J]. Geophysical Research Letters, 2002, 29(12): 25-28.
[28]	陈渭南, 董治宝, 杨佐涛, 等. 塔克拉玛干沙漠的起沙风速[J]. 地理学报, 1995, 50(4): 360-367. doi: 10.11821/xb199504008
	[Chen Weinan, Dong Zhibao, Yang Zuotao, et al. Threshold velocities of sand-driving wind in the Taklimakan Desert[J]. Acta Geographica Sinica, 1995, 50(4): 360-367.] doi: 10.11821/xb199504008
[29]	Stout J E. A method for establishing the critical threshold for aeolian transport in the field[J]. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms, 2004, 29(10): 1195-1207. doi: 10.1002/esp.1079
[30]	In H J, Park S U. Estimation of dust emission amount for a dust storm event occurred in April 1998 in China[J]. Water Air and Soil Pollution, 2003, 148(1-4): 201-221. doi: 10.1023/A:1025400921908
[31]	Kurosaki K, Mikami M. Threshold wind speed for dust emission in East Asia and its seasonal variations[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research, 2007, 112 (D17), doi: 10.1029/2006JD007988. doi: 10.1029/2006JD007988
[32]	李晓岚, 张宏升. 内蒙古科尔沁沙地临界起沙阈值的范围确定[J]. 气象学报, 2016, 74(1): 76-88.
	[Li Xiaolan, Zhang Hongsheng. A study of determining dust emission thresholds over the Horqin Sandy Land area in Inner Mongolia[J]. Acta Meteorologica Sinica, 2016, 74(1): 76-88.]
[33]	Shao Y P, Lu H. A simple expression for wind erosion threshold friction velocity[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research, 2000, 105(D17): 22437-22443. doi: 10.1029/2000JD900304
[34]	国家林业局. 中国荒漠化和沙化状况公报[R]. 北京: 国家林业局, 2015.
	[State Forestry Administration, P. R. China. A Bulletin of Status Quo of Desertification and Sandification in China[R]. Beijing: State Forestry Administration, P. R. China, 2015.]
[35]	买买提阿布都拉·依米尔, 阿依夏木古丽·买买提, 沙依然·外力, 等. 和田地区沙尘暴时间分布及变化特征[J]. 干旱区研究, 2021, 38(5): 1306-1317.
	[Mamatabdulla Emer, Ayxamgul Mamat, Sayran Wayli, et al. Temporal distribution and variation characteristics of sandstorms in Hotan Prefecture[J]. Arid Zone Research, 2021, 38(5): 1306-1317.]
[36]	Yang X H, Mamtimin A, He Q. Observation of saltation activity at Tazhong area in Taklimakan Desert, China[J]. Journal of Arid Land, 2013, 5(1): 32-41. doi: 10.1007/s40333-013-0139-1
[37]	新疆统计局. 新疆统计年鉴2016[M]. 北京: 中国统计出版社, 2017.
	[Xinjiang Statistical Bureau. Xinjiang Statistical Yearbook of 2016[M]. Beijing: China Statistics Press, 2017.]
[38]	Ishizuka M, Mikami M, Yamada Y, et al. An observational study of soil moisture effects on wind erosion at a gobi site in the Taklimakan Desert[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research, 2005, 110(D18), doi: 10.1029/2004JD004709. doi: 10.1029/2004JD004709
[39]	Yang X H, He Q, Mamtimin A, et al. Threshold velocity for saltation activity in the Taklimakan Desert[J]. Pure Applied Geophysics, 2017, 174(12): 4459-4470. doi: 10.1007/s00024-017-1644-5
[40]	Zhou C L, He Q, Huo W, et al. Comparison of approaches for calculating the threshold velocity for sand movement based on field experiments in Xinjiang, China[J]. Arabian Journal of Geosciences, 2018, 11(15): 402. doi: 10.1007/s12517-018-3759-0
[41]	Yang X H, Fan Y, Liu X C, et al. Comparison of horizontal dust fluxes simulated with two dust emission schemes based on field experiments in Xinjiang, China[J]. Theoretical and Applied Climatology, 2015, 126(1-2): 1-9. doi: 10.1007/s00704-015-1550-7
[42]	朱震达, 吴正, 刘恕, 等. 中国沙漠概论[M]. 北京: 科学出版社, 1980.
	[Zhu Zhenda, Wu Zheng, Liu Shu, et al. Introduction of China Desert[M]. Beijing: Science Press, 1980.]
[43]	Yang X H, He Q, Mamtimin A, et al. A field experiment on dust emission by wind erosion in the Taklimakan Desert[J]. Acta Meteorologica Sinica, 2012, 26(2): 241-249. doi: 10.1007/s13351-012-0209-x
[44]	Yang X H, He Q, Mamtimin A, et al. Near-surface sand-dust horizontal flux in Tazhong-the hinterland of the Taklimakan Desert[J]. Journal of Arid Land, 2013, 5(2): 199-206. doi: 10.1007/s40333-013-0159-x
[45]	Owen R P. Saltation of uniform grains in air[J]. Journal of Fluid Mechanics, 1964, 2(20): 225-242.
[46]	Butterfield G R. Grain transport rates in steady and unsteady turbulent airflows[J]. Acta Mechanica, 1991(Suppl.): 97-122.
[47]	Yang X H, He Q, Liu X C, et al. Saltation activity and its threshold velocity in the Gurbantunggut Desert, China[J]. Natural Hazards, 2018, 90(1): 349-364. doi: 10.1007/s11069-017-3047-4
[48]	Stout J E, Arimoto R. Threshold wind velocities for sand movement in the Mescalero Sands of southeastern New Mexico[J]. Journal of Arid Environments, 2010, 74(11): 1456-1460. doi: 10.1016/j.jaridenv.2010.05.011
[49]	Zhu H, Zhang H S. Estimation of the threshold friction velocities over various dust storm source areas in Northwest China[J]. Acta Meteorologica Sinica, 2010, 24(5): 548-557.
[50]	McKee E D. A Study of Global Sand Seas[M]. Washington: Government Printing Office, 1979.

时间/年-月-日	观测值/min	Stout方案/min	KM方案/min	LZ方案/min	MB方案/min	SL方案/min
2009-03-10	788	680	833	631	626	719
2009-03-26	663	205	731	91	29	238
2009-04-16	501	404	523	368	363	428
2009-04-29	872	756	907	678	786	806
2009-05-20	914	633	965	532	685	860
2009-06-05	589	238	619	152	238	507
2009-06-30	870	707	885	699	743	850
2009-08-05	228	115	300	95	100	168

时间/年-月-日	观测值/（kg·m^-1）	Stout方案/（kg·m^-1）	KM方案/（kg·m^-1）	LZ方案/（kg·m^-1）	MB方案/（kg·m^-1）	SL方案/（kg·m^-1）
2009-03-10	416.4	311.2	442.8	273.4	263.9	357.3
2009-03-26	45.1	11.4	60.3	5.5	2.3	13.4
2009-04-16	285.6	232.6	313.7	209.6	203.9	250.8
2009-04-29	368.5	284.4	379.3	237.4	308.2	324.6
2009-05-20	162.8	107.5	183.9	90.9	116.4	144.3
2009-06-05	81.9	25.9	100.1	11.4	25.9	68.7
2009-06-30	412.9	328.8	426.3	316.5	365.3	382.3
2009-08-05	46.2	21.7	49.3	16.2	17.5	32.8

季节	平均临界起沙风速 /(m·s^-1)	平均临界起沙摩擦速度 /(m·s^-1)	平均土壤湿度 /(m³·m^-3)	平均大气水汽压 /kPa	平均气温 /℃
春季	4.9	0.29	0.018	3.3	17.1
夏季	5.4	0.32	0.021	6.7	28.2
秋季	5.1	0.30	0.019	5.6	18.7
冬季	4.6	0.27	0.017	1.6	-1.8

地点	观测高度 /m	临界起沙风速 /(m·s^-1)	临界起沙摩擦速度 /(m·s^-1)	年均降水 /mm	植被覆盖 /%	文献来源
塔克拉玛干沙漠	2	4.0~6.0	0.24~0.36	25.7	0.0	本研究
塔克拉玛干沙漠	10	5.0~7.6	0.30~0.45	25.7	0.0	本研究
古尔班通古特沙漠	2	11.1~13.9	-	156.0	32.3	[47]
科尔沁沙地	4	6.9~11.5	0.55~0.70	366.0	50.0	[24]
Mescalero Sands, USA	2	10.0~11.9	-	300.0	-	[48]
浑善达克沙地	4	10.0	0.6	365.0	20.0	[49]
敦煌沙地	10	7.0	0.5	23.2	0.0	[20]
戈壁沙漠	10	11.8~15.8	-	-	-	[31]