Table of Content

15 January 2016, Volume 33 Issue 1 Previous Issue    Next Issue

Weather and Climate

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Changes in Precipitation over Northwest China REN Guo-yu, YUAN Yu-jiang, LIU Yan-ju, REN Yu-yu, WANG Tao, REN Xiao-yu 2016, 33 (1):  1-19.  doi: 10.13866/j.azr.2016.01.01 Abstract ( 948 )   PDF (3665KB) ( 2102 )   This paper synthesizes and updates the analyses on precipitation change in Northwest China previously reported by Chinese researchers,and discusses about the possible causes for the observed trends in precipitation.Annual precipitation in the region has been found to increase over the past half a century,with the increase in western part of the region more significant.The last decade witnesses a further rise in annual precipitation compared to 1990s.Analyses using tree-ring data from a few sites show that the increase of precipitation since the beginning of 1980s might have been unprecedented in terms of the last 2 centuries; however,more reconstructions using tree-ring data from across the region indicate that the present precipitation might not have been so abnormal for the past centuries because lager than present precipitation ever appeared in a few of decades in history.Considering the observed and proxy data in combination,it is not unlikely that the evident increase in annual or seasonal precipitation over the last decades might have been the consequence of natural climate variability on decadal to multi-decadal time scales.Updated analysis of the net moisture budget and precipitable water using NCEP and ERA reanalysis data shows that no significant increase in moisture transport into the region across the western,southern and northern boundaries,and the significant increase in net moisture flux are mainly due to the large decline of moisture transport out of the region across the eastern boundary,during the time period 1979-2012.This implies that the observed increase in precipitation in the region might not have been explained as a response to global warming,in spite of the fact that almost all climate models driven by the increased CO2 concentration in atmosphere for both past and future have produced the upward precipitation trends consistent with observations,indicating that the probability that the increased precipitation in the region is a response to anthropogenic global warming is larger as compared to the other regions of the country including North China.On the other hand,evidences are accumulating that the expanded irrigation areas in Oasis and cities in Northwest China have caused the increase in actual evaporation,resulting in the increase in atmospheric moisture and precipitation observed at the meteorological stations.Accelerated melting of the mountainous glacial due to regional climate warming and the black carbon deposition on ice and snow surface,and theresulting rise of lake water levels might have provided extra moisture into local atmosphere.The paper also makes a first-order projection of precipitation in 2-3 decades to come.It is estimated that annual and summer precipitation in Oasis and cities of Northwest China will be likely to increase assuming the enhanced human activities and urbanization.This will not rule out the possibility that natural climate variability on multi-decadal scales will dominate the precipitation trends for the coming 2-3 decades,and will make the locally anthropogenic increase of precipitation less evident for certain places and time periods. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Spatio-temporal Change of Extreme Temperature Events in Mt. Qomolangma Region of Tibet from 1971 to 2012 DU Jun, LU Hong-ya, YUAN Lei, JIAN Jun 2016, 33 (1):  20-27.  doi: 10.13866/j.azr.2016.01.02 Abstract ( 733 )   PDF (3003KB) ( 1072 )   Based on the daily maximum and minimum temperature data from 1971 to 2012 from five stations in Mt. Qomolangma Region of Tibet,the spatial and temporal change of extreme temperature events were analyzed using the methods of inverse distance weighted (IDW),linear regression and Mann-Kendall test. The main results are obtained as follows: ① The maximum value of daily maximum temperature (TXx),minimum value of daily maximum temperature (TXn),minimum value of daily minimum temperature (TNn) and maximum value of daily minimum temperature (TNx) significantly increased with a rate of 0.30-0.64 ℃·(10a)-1 during recent 42 years,and the maximum rate in TNn. Frost days (FD) and ice days (ID) showed significantly decreasing at a rate of -4.99 d·(10a)-1 and -1.24 d·(10a)-1,especially in the south slopes of Mt. Qomolangma. The length of growing season (GSL) showed statistically significant increasing at the rate of 4.81 d·(10a)-1,and diurnal temperature range (DTR) showed significant rates of decrease of 0.08 ℃·(10a)-1. Significant reduction at a rate of -6.54 d·(10a)-1〔-8.87 d·(10a)-1〕occurred for cool days (TX10p)〔nights (TN10p)〕,and significant increase at a rate of 8.17 d·(10a)-1〔12.07 d·(10a)-1〕occurred for warm days (TX90p)〔nights (TN90p)〕. ② In terms of decadal variations,the warm indices (TNx,TX90p,TN90p and GSL) showed increasing trend,while the cold indices(FD,ID,TX10p and TN10p)has decreased. ③ It is also found that the abrupt change of the TXx and GSL had abrupt change respectively in 1980 and 1984,the other extreme temperature indices occurred in 1900s. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Analysis on the Numerical Simulation of Heavy Rainfall Based on WRF Model in Bayanbuluk Basin LIU Yang, LI Cheng-zhi, LIU Zhi-hui, DENG Xing-yao, ZHU Jin-huan 2016, 33 (1):  28-37.  doi: 10.13866/j.azr.2016.01.03 Abstract ( 927 )   PDF (2454KB) ( 1331 )   In this paper, we evaluate the fitness of WRF physics schemes when simulate weather in Bayanbulak basin of the Tianshan Mountain area in Xinjiang, and seek the best performance one. So we use WRF to simulate two heavy precipitations in this area. We choose two cloud and convective parameterization schemes(Grell-Freitas,Grell-3), two boundary layer parameterization schemes(YSU,MYJ), three cloud microphysical parameterization schemes(Lin,WSM6,Thompson), three combination schemes of short and long radiation(New Goddard/New Goddard,Dudhia/RRTM,GFDL/GFDL). Based on these, we form 36 different combination schemes, and adopt double nested manner in WRF to simulate experimental area. Meanwhile, by using meteorological observational data of automatic weather station, we analyze hourly rainfall, 10 m wind speed, surface atmospheric pressure, atmospheric temperature and characteristics of boundary layer structure. Finally, we evaluate the difference among parameterization schemes and get the most stable ensemble parameterization schemes are YSU, Grell-Freitas, WSM6 and Duhia/RRTM. But even the best performance, one also have some gap to the observation. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Test of Simulating Effects for Three Land Surface Models Noah, SHAW and CLM4.0:Before and After a Rainstorm DU Bing, ZUO Hong-chao, YANG Yang, CHEN Bo-long 2016, 33 (1):  38-48.  doi: 10.13866/j.azr.2016.01.04 Abstract ( 702 )   PDF (2978KB) ( 776 )   The goal of this article is to evaluate land surface models Noah,SHAW and CLM4.0 in arid regions (desert-grassland transition),using data observed at Microclimate and Evaporation Experiment in Inner Mongolia,with an emphasis on comparison of the models performance before and after a rare rainstorm which occurred during the simulated period.The results show that all of the three models can simulate the trend of turbulence flux,radiation flux,and soil moisture and soil temperature before and after the rare rainstorm.Except the simulation of soil temperature and soil water content,the performance of Noah land surface model is the best,especially the simulation of latent heat flux of Noah LSM,with the 0.99 correlation coefficient and 7.89 W·m-2 root mean square error.The performance of three models in sensible heat flux,upward long wave radiation and net radiation is better after the rainstorm,and the models performance in soil temperature is better before the rainstorm,this shows that all of the three models are more appropriate to simulate sensible heat flux,upward long wave radiation and net radiation in moister land after rainstorm and more appropriate to simulate soil temperature without rainfall.For the three models,the influence period of rainstorm on soil temperature simulation is too short. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Variation of Temperature and Precipitation in Horqin Sandy Land from 1951 to 2012 WANG Jing-ru, MA Long, LIU Ting-xi 2016, 33 (1):  49-58.  doi: 10.13866/j.azr.2016.01.05 Abstract ( 958 )   PDF (4532KB) ( 1442 )   Horqin sandy land is the typical desertification area in China,ecological environment issue is particularly prominent. It is necessary to research one of the desertification driving forces. Based on air temperature and precipitation data from 1951 to 2012,we analyzed the area mean temperature and precipitation,and the relationship with temperature and precipitation in Horqin sandy land. The results showed that from 1951 to 2012, the space annual average temperature centered Kailu,Tongliao decreasing progressively toward east and west,rising little by little from north to south and there are obvious increasing tendency in every stations; Space average annual precipitation centered Kailu,AR Khorchin Banner increasing to around gradually,except Kulun station's precipitation reducing significantly,annual area mean precipitation change was not significant in every sites. The annual area mean temperature in this area increased by 0.319 ℃·(10a)-1,the increasing rate of area mean maximum temperature〔0.223 ℃·(10a)-1〕 is lower than the area mean minimum temperature〔0.525 ℃·(10a)-1〕,the greatest increasing in spring and lowest in winter. The mean minimum temperature rise may be one of the desertification driving force lead to rise in overall area temperatures. Each season's area mean precipitation has no obvious change trend. It is showed a significant negative correlation between annual area mean precipitation and annual area mean temperature,between area mean precipitation and area mean temperature in summer,in general,which has a periodic symmetry change. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Identification of Dark Sandstorm Process in Taklamakan Desert Based on FY-2 Meteorological Satellite Data MA Li-yun LI Shuai 2016, 33 (1):  59-66.  doi: 10.13866/j.azr.2016.01.06 Abstract ( 891 )   PDF (3219KB) ( 1129 )   Taklimakan desert is the major sandstorm source area of west China.Ground observation sites in Xinjiang are sparse,especially conventional stations dust elements monitoring in less,therefore the monitoring data such as dust weather change,development,transfer and its strength properties data are extremely short,there exists technical problems to evaluate the sand and dust weather quantitatively.In terms of time and space,there is a great deal of potential advantages to monitor dust weather process using satellite remote sensing technology.Based on data ofFY-2C and FY-2D Geostationary Meteorological Satellite with FY-3A/VIRR polar-orbiting satellite,the source,movement,enhancement and spread evolution of two black storm types as“cold air eastern injection” and “cold air crossover”were monitored dynamicallyin the Taklimakan Desert,then the identification threshold of black storm which quoted by the IDDL products of National Satellite Meteorological Center was verified and confirmed.It showed that,the identification way which took preliminary identification for large-scale dust by use of the characteristics of FY-3A/VIRR high spatial resolution firstly,and then monitored the dust dynamically applied by the FY-2 high temporal resolution data was feasible.Furthermore,the above-mentioned method can determined the area of sandstorm occurrence,development and influences quickly and accurately,quantification of dust identification can be achieved,and the lack of conventional weather data in the desert was compensated by the high-degree precision data. References | Related Articles | Metrics

Soil Environment

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Analysis and Prediction of Soil Organic Carbon Storage Based on the Optimal Land Use Structure:A Case Study of Duolun County,Inner Mongolia FANG Fei, LI Bin-yong, TANG Hai-ping 2016, 33 (1):  67-73.  doi: 10.13866/j.azr.2016.01.07 Abstract ( 732 )   PDF (892KB) ( 732 )   The process of soil carbon sequestration is an important link in the global carbon cycle,so the subtle changes of soil carbon reserves will be an important impact on the global carbon cycle. There are numerous factors to affect the soil carbon input and output of land ecological system,but the way of land use change is one of the important factors. Land use/cover changes have a significant impact on the carbon cycle of terrestrial ecosystem. The optimal land use structure of 2020 was explored using the method of multi-objective linear programming with fuzzy mathematics. Meanwhile,the soil organic carbon storage was estimated in this scenario. The results showed that the optimal land use structure was cropland,3.31×104 hm2; forestland,1.37×105 hm2; grassland,1.84×105 hm2; water surface area,2 300 hm2; building area,5 600 hm2; unused area,2.89×104 hm2. The soil organic carbon storage was 2.11×109 kg,7.76×109 kg and 1.03×1010 kg in cropland,forestland and grassland,respectively. The soil organic carbon storage of all the three land use type increased 1.85×109 kg than 2009.The method combining with multi-objective linear programming and fuzzy mathematics method,can give consideration to both ecological benefit and economic benefit,social benefit and carbon sequestration effect under the premise of maximum approximation each objective function of optimal solution,and then puts forward the effective scheme of land use structure for Duolun County. At the same time,the result shows that under the appropriate land use planning,Duolun County has a great potential for carbon sequestration. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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On the Effects of Reservoirs in Plain Area to Soil Salinization in Arid and Semi-arid Area MAO Hai-tao, FAN Zhe-chao, HE Hua-xiang, SHAO Dong-guo, WANG Xiao-ju 2016, 33 (1):  74-79.  doi: 10.13866/j.azr.2016.01.08 Abstract ( 884 )   PDF (1534KB) ( 1029 )   There was a lot of plain reservoirs in northwest of arid and semi-arid area for agricultural irrigation , needless to say, the plain reservoir played an irreplaceable role in the national production and daily life, but there were also many urgent ecological environment problems need to solve. Leakage problem of the plain reservoir uplifted the underground water level behind the dam, a large area of land was salinization, which led to the output reduction and abandoned cultivation severely. This paper focus on the perspective seepage of reservoir using the finite element model to calculate the relationship between dam foundation seepage discharge and impervious body size of the permeable dam foundation with vertical anti-seepage wall and horizontal bedding. The critical groundwater level was controlled comprehensively with the combination of the drainage body and the impervious body size calculation formula was derived for controlling the critical groundwater level of reservoir. Combined with the engineering example of calculation shows that, as long as the choice of reasonable impervious body type and water seepage drainage body, leakage can be completely controlled from the foundation head, the dam underground water level could be controlled at the critical level, secondary salinization prevention of soil dam could be conducted gradually. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Analysis on the Spatio-Temporal Evolution of Oasis Formation and Desertification: A Case Study of Linze County in the Middle Reaches of Heihe River,Gansu QIAN Da-wen, GONG Jie, JIA Zhen-zhen 2016, 33 (1):  80-88.  doi: 10.13866/j.azr.2016.01.09 Abstract ( 846 )   PDF (1936KB) ( 1045 )   Taking Linze County in the middle reaches of Heihe River as example,5 periods Landsat remote sensing images including MSS (1977),TM (1986,1993,2002) and ETM+ (2012) were used to extract the spatial-temporal pattern change of oasis-desertification in this region,combined with the feature of the natural landscape and oasis initial scope,Linze County was divided into 4 sub-regions (Ⅰ,Ⅱ,Ⅲ,Ⅳ) from north to south for comparison research. After that,we using the land use dynamic index and spatial-temporal variation index model to study the spatial-temporal pattern change processes of oasis-desertification land and their interactions in different regions,and the results showed that: ① Oasis-desertification land change behaved as oasis expansion and desert retreat from local to overall region,but the characteristic of oasis-desert land change and the degree of desertification in different regions was disparate. Regional Ⅰ and are Ⅱ dominated by extremely severe desertification land,and they changed fast in 1986-1993 and 2002-2012 respectively,region Ⅲ changed fast in 1986-2002,and its degree of desertification was getting worse,from light desertification to severe and extremely severe desertification land,while region Ⅳ only distributed oasis and haven't changed much. ② The spatial variation of oasis-desertification land from north to south were oasis-desertification ecotone change,spatial imbalance change in oasis fringe and internal of desertification land,fragmentation of desertification land respectively,the changes in region Ⅳ is mainly city expansion in the north.③ The human factors were the dominant factor of oasis-desertification land change in Linze County,institution and policies become the root causes of the periodic change,while the personal wishes and the responses were the direct cause,the main reason of the regional differences was the natural conditions and immigration. ④ Oasis-desertification land change can be divided into three stages: the livelihoods drive,the economic drive and the ecological-economic drive,in the context of the ecological resource pressures,the future development of oasis needs to adjust to local conditions and pay more attention to reversing of desertification and expansion of salinization. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Analysis on the Soil Moisture and Yield under Water Stress for an Intercropping Field of Cotton WANG Juan, JIANG Tian-cai, WAN Su-mei 2016, 33 (1):  89-93.  doi: 10.13866/j.azr.2016.01.10 Abstract ( 679 )   PDF (2023KB) ( 729 )   Alear agricultural area in Xinjiang is located in the Taklimakan desert edge,with dry climate year-round,big water evaporation capacity,small rainfall,the climate type is unique. In recent years,with the speeding up of the agricultural industrialization,fruit-cotton interplanting has developed into local important agricultural production mode. Fruit,cotton intercropping can not only change the photosynthetic characteristics of cotton,affecting the canopy structure and accumulation distribution of dry matter,also can increase crop yield .To analyze the effects of planting patterns and water stress on soil water and yield of cotton,setting experiment at intercropping cotton field of Alar region from 2012 to 2013. The results showed that:① in budding and boll opening stage,the soil moisture decreased first,then increasing in 0-100 cm soil layer,soil moisture of 40-60 cm soil layer is the lowest. In blooming stage,soil moisture decreased first,then increased,and then decreased,the inflection point in 40-60 cm and 60-80 cm soil layer.② in budding stage,the soil moisture of M2W4,M2W2,M2W3,M1W4 is higher than others; in blooming stage,the soil moisture of M2W2 is higher; in boll opening stage,the soil moisture of planting pattern M2 and M3 is higher.③ Under the same pattern,there is the highest cotton yield per plant with 4 500 m3·hm-2,same amount of irrigation treatment,the highest economic yield per plant is planting pattern M2. Considering with many aspects,planting cotton 1.0 m away from young wild jujube matching up with drop irrigation water volume 4 500 m3·hm-2 conducive to maximize production potential,but also enhance single cotton yield. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Analysis on Hydrochemistry Characteristic of Mud Water in Xiao Qaidam Lake DU Yao, MA Teng, XIAO Cong, CHEN Liu-zhu 2016, 33 (1):  94-100.  doi: 10.13866/j.azr.2016.01.11 Abstract ( 591 )   PDF (1228KB) ( 1679 )   The research on chemical characteristics of salt lake mud water in inland arid area is of great importance on understanding water-rock interaction during early diagenesis of mud sediment in arid area deeply. The present study took Xiao Qaidam salt lake mud water in arid area of northwest of China as the research object and analyzed the chemical characteristics of mud water, indicator of which to water-rock interaction during early diagenesis was discussed. The results indicate that the each chemical component content of mud water in different depth is generally higher than that of overlying salt lake water, which is different from that of marine mud water. The rising of salinity for salt lake mud water is owing to intense evaporation near surface and redissolution of salt precipitation in lakeshore. The Na+、K+、Li+ and Cl- content of mud water in different depth varies little, while the varying ranges of Mg2+、Ca2+、Sr2+、SO2-4、I-、TOC and TNb are relatively large and the of Br- and B3+ content exhibits moderate decrease with increasing depth. The water-rock interaction and biochemical action have occurred to some degree during early diagenesis of mud sediment. The possible main processes include extensive evaporation in shallow surface, precipitation of evaporite mineral, cation exchange, desulphidation and organic matter degradation. References | Related Articles | Metrics

Plant Physiology

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Anatomical Study of Leaves and Cotyledons of 17 C4 Species from Genus Salsola (Chenopodiaceae) in Xinjiang WEN Zhi-bin, ZHANG Ming-li 2016, 33 (1):  101-107.  doi: 10.13866/j.azr.2016.01.12 Abstract ( 671 )   PDF (1387KB) ( 1119 )   Anatomical type of leaves and cotyledons of 17 kinds of C4 species from the genus Salsola (Chenopodiaceae) were observed. The results were as follows: there are two leaf anatomical types including Salsoloid with hypodermis (SALS+H) and Salsoloid without hypodermis (SALS-H), and four cotyledon anatomical types including C3-dorsoventral mesophyll (C3-DV), Atriplicoid with hypodermis (ATR+H), SALS+H and SALS-H. Anatomical types of leaf and cotyledon for the same species are not always consistent, which could be divided into two kinds. One is cotyledon and leaf have the C4 anatomical structure, including leaf with SALS+H type/cotyledon with ATR+H type, leaf with SALS+H type/cotyledon with SALS+H type, and leaf with SALS-H type/cotyledon with SALS-H type. The other kind is leaf with C4 anatomical structure, while cotyledon with C3 anatomical type, including leaf with SALS+H type/cotyledon with C3-DV type, and leaf with SALS-H type/cotyledon with C3-DV type. Leaves and cotyledons of the species belonging to the same section of Salsola show regularity in a sense. For the species from the different sections, their anatomical types of leaves and cotyledons have some difference. And this difference has no direct relationship with their life forms and geographical distributions. To sum up, Chenopodiaceous Salsola belong to C4 plants formed in the long-term evolution of various photosynthetic organs and anatomical structure, which makes them survive extreme arid environment such as high temperature, strong light and drought. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Application of Path Analysis in Stepwise Linear Regression SPSS SONG Xiao-yuan, ZHU Zhong-yuan, LIU Yan-wei, ZHAO Hong-jin 2016, 33 (1):  108-113.  doi: 10.13866/j.azr.2016.01.13 Abstract ( 1733 )   PDF (666KB) ( 2178 )   Path analysis is a multivariate statistical technique put forward by geneticists Sewall Wright in 1921,based on the surface direct correlation decomposition between dependent and independent variables,to study the direct and indirect importance of independent variable on the dependent variable,so as to provide reliable basis for statistical decision.Plant photosynthesis and transpiration is one of the most important physiological activities,they have close relationship with environmental factors such as light,temperature and humidity,at the same time,the photosynthesis is the main factors of plant yield components,to study the relationship between the environmental factors and photosynthesis,transpiration could help to enhance the plants photosynthetic capacity,so as to achieve the purpose of increasing production.The effects of environment factors such as photosynthetic,active　radiation,air humidity,air temperature,carbon dioxide on photosyn thesis and transpiration characters of Elymus sibiricus in enough moisture were studied using stepwise regression analysis and path analysis,decision factors between the environmental factors and transpiration rate,net photosynthetic were calculated.The transpiration rate,net photosynthetic rate were test using normal distribution before path analysis.The analysis results are examined using significance test until each variables in regression equations reached significant level.Different point of view such as correlation,partial correlation analysis is using to study the correlation between photosyn thesis,transpiration characters and the environment factors.The results indicated that carbon dioxide,temperature,air humidity have inhibitory effect on net photosynthetic rate while carbon dioxide,air humidity promote transpiration rate. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Biomass Allocation among Components of Compound Leaves of Fraxinus sogdiana in Yili River Reaches,Xinjiang ZHANG Wei, YANG Xiao-rong, Jianaer Ahan, YANG Yun-fei 2016, 33 (1):  114-119.  doi: 10.13866/j.azr.2016.01.14 Abstract ( 672 )   PDF (2298KB) ( 880 )   The compound leaf of Fraxinus sogdiana are imparipinnate,consists of 5-13 leaflets in common.By large sampling measurement,the relationship between the phenotypic plasticity on component biomass of different compound leaves of various number leaflets and the component biomass were analyzed.The results showed that compound leaves biomass of all samples of F.sogdiana were 0.146-1.663 g,the average biomass of compound leaves with 7 leaflets was the maximum (0.781±0.366) g and significantly higher than the others,with 5 leaflets was the lowest (0.260±0.060) g and significantly lower than the others.Rachis biomass was 0.016-0.179 g,and the average maximum and minimum were compound leaves with 13 and 5 leaflets,respectively,and both the others difference reached the significant level.Leaflets biomass was 0.006-0.886 g,the average maximum 7 leaflets and significantly higher than the others.Plasticity was greater and the variation coefficient was 22.8%-138% on component biomass of different compound leaves.Biomass allocation to the opposite leaflets of different compound leaves was symmetrical,biomass allocation of the top leaflets and the same phyllotaxis decreased with the increase of the leaflets number.The relationship among component biomass of different compound leaves included isomeric growth type of the linear function and algometric growth type of the exponent function.The relative growth rate of each component biomass during the process of growth could be described specifically by the parameters of correlation equation. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effects of Drought Stress on Ultrastructure of Chloroplast and Mitochondria and Membrane Lipid Peroxidation of Ammodendron argenteum XU Ping, LI Jin, LV Hai-ying, LI Yong-jie, LI Jia, MA Chun-lan 2016, 33 (1):  120-130.  doi: 10.13866/j.azr.2016.01.15 Abstract ( 616 )   PDF (3836KB) ( 1150 )   Ammodendron argenteum is unique rare and endangered desert plant in Xinjiang.There are research evidences showing its growing traits and physiological characteristics and so on,however research is lacking to understand the response of ultrastructure under drought stress.Using transmission electron microscopy and measurement of MDA content and membrane permeability,the change on ultrastructure of mesophyll cells and hypocotyl cells of Ammodendron argenteum seedlings were observed.And the effects of drought stress on ultrastructure and membrane lipid peroxidation were analyzed.The result showed that chloroplasts deformed,outer membranes were wavy and incomplete.In the meanwhile,membrane structures of grana and stroma-thylakoids blurred,grana bent and dilated.The mitochondrion outer membranes were disrupted and cristaes disappeared,and the lumen formed a cavity.The membrane permeability and MDA content increased and significantly higher than the control(P＜0.05),cell membrane structure were damaged,the effects of membrane lipid peroxidation intensified.Membrane permeability and MDA content of cotyledon cells increased and significantly higher than those of hypocotyl cells (P＜0.05),and the changes of ultrastructure in cotyledon cells was earlier than hypocotyl cells,which showed that drought tolerance of hypocotyl stronger than cotyledon's.Mitochondrial damaged later than chloroplasts in cotyledon which showed that drought tolerance of Mitochondrial stronger than chloroplasts'.The responsive difference under drought stress between different structures and different organelles in the same structure may be a kind of defense reaction which plant tissue cells have in the adverse environment.The change of ultrastructure under drought stress reflected the disorder and damage of intracellular membrane systems,and the damage of the membrane systems might be the result of intensified lipid peroxidation. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Analysis of Drought Resistance and Breeding Value Evaluation of Trans-MvP5CS Gene Cotton ZHU Chao, YANG Yun-yao, YOU Zhao, CHEN Quan-jia, QU Yan-ying, ZHANG Hua 2016, 33 (1):  131-137.  doi: 10.13866/j.azr.2016.01.16 Abstract ( 609 )   PDF (2092KB) ( 638 )   Using the method of pollen tube pathway, the high generation transferred MvP5CS (Pyrroline-5-carboxylate synthetase, MvP5CS) cotton material has been abtained.Comparing the main difference between the physiological and biochemical and difference in agronomic traits between the transfer MvP5CST6-generation cotton and non-genetically modified cotton under drought stress. The results show that: the transgenic cotton plants are more conducive to growth in the drought stress than non-transgenic cotton from analyzing the physiological and biochemical. After drought stress measurement of agronomic traits, yield traits and fiber quality: the color of the transgenic cotton leaves is greener and have longer taproot, stronger fibrous root. The transgenic cotton plants are significantly superior to the non-transgenic cotton in single boll weight, seed cotton yield, lint yield, fiber yield and other traits. Fiber length and strength increased slightly, incompatible micronaire is reduced, and quality gets improvement. This three transgenic cotton lines could provide new materials for the cotton resistance breeding. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Growth,Development and N,P and K Accumulation of Castor Plants in Arid Areas WANG Qing-qing, TIAN Chang-yan, ZHAO Zhen-yong, ZHANG Ke, WANG Ping 2016, 33 (1):  138-143.  doi: 10.13866/j.azr.2016.01.17 Abstract ( 711 )   PDF (896KB) ( 832 )   A field experiment was conducted to promote castor plantation in the irrigated oasis area of northwest China.At each growth stage,the dry matter and nitrogen (N),phosphorus (P),potassium (K) accumulation of stem,leaf and ear were determined and the effective accumulated temperature was recorded.The results indicated that all the dry matter accumulation rates of stem,leaf and ear tended to present a change rule of“slow-fast-slow”,but the peaks of the dry matter accumulation rate of different organs were different,with vegetative organs at flowering stage and ear at fruiting stage.Starting from fruiting stage,the assigning rate of the net dry matter accumulation in ear was larger than that in vegetative organs gradually,and it reached the peak of more than 80% at filling stage.The nitrogen accumulation of castor plants mainly occurred before filling stage,but the phosphorus accumulation of castor was still high at filling stage.And at this stage,plenty of the phosphorus and potassium in leaf and stem was transferred to ear.In addition,from budding to mature,both of main ear and ear at level 1 needed 58 days,but main ear needed effective accumulated temperature of 924 ℃ and level 1 ear needed 888 ℃.It followed that growth and fertilizer regularity of castor showed a consistent trend and both of their peaks were at flowering and fruiting stage,so at this stage the management of fertilizer should be strengthened,besides,at middle and later growth stages phosphate and potash fertilizer topdressing should also be noticed. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Study on Dry Matter Accumulation and Nutriention Absorption of Three Halophytes under Artificial Planting Condition GUO Yang, SHENG Jian-dong, CHEN Bo-lang, LUO Jia, XU Cai-fa 2016, 33 (1):  144-149.  doi: 10.13866/j.azr.2016.01.18 Abstract ( 565 )   PDF (648KB) ( 1156 )   Soil salinization is one of the important factors influencing the ecological and environmental, which severely restricts the agricultural production. Biological improvement of saline-alkali land is an effective method of using salt absorption characteristics of salt-tolerant plants to govern salinization, which has important significance for the improvement of saline-alkali land and ecology environment. Artificial planting halophyte is an effective way to improve and utilize the saline soil resource, while it is the basis for land improvement to understand the nutrient absorption characteristics of halophyte. Suaeda salsa, Suaeda altissima and Atripex aucheri were grown by the artificial planting method to study the characteristics of dry matter accumulation and the nitrogen (N) absorptions, phosphorus (P) and potassium (K). Results showed that the vigorous dry matter accumulation period of Suaeda salsa, Suaeda altissima and Atripex aucheri were in last growing stage, when the net accumulation accounted for 96.42%, 96.76%, and 93.29% of the total dry matter, respectively. The contents of N, P and K concentrations were significantly different (P<0.05) among the three halophytes and different growth periods. N content of Suaeda salsa, K content of Suaeda altissima as well as the N and K contents of Atripex aucheri continuously decreased with the advance of growth. The P content of the three halophytes and the N content of Suaeda altissima showed an increasing trend after an initial decrease, while the K content of the Suaeda salsa increased at first and then decreased. Except for the N accumulation of Suaeda altissima showed an increasing trend after an initial decrease, the N accumulation of Suaeda salsa and Atripex aucheri,as well as the P and K accumulation of the three halophytes increasingly accumulated with the growth especially in the middle to late growth period. References | Related Articles | Metrics

Plant Ecology

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Phenology Response of Vegetation to Hydrothermal Condition in Three-river Source Region for the Last 12 Years LI Qiang 2016, 33 (1):  150-158.  doi: 10.13866/j.azr.2016.01.19 Abstract ( 645 )   PDF (1751KB) ( 1009 )   Using methods of harmonic analysis and partial correlation analysis,based on the SPOT-VEGETATION NDVI of 10 days during the period from 1999 to 2010,we identified the beginning and end time of vegetation growing season for each year in the Three-River source region, and analyzed the temporal and spatial relation between vegetation phenology and cumulative hydrothermal at different times. Results are shown as follows:① The increase of cumulative precipitation and temperature of response time makes start of growing season delayed.② The extremum of partial correlation coefficient between end of growing season and cumulative precipitation and temperature is 0.180 6 and -0.067 8,respectively.It shows that the increase of cumulative precipitation of response time make end of growing season delayed,but end of growing season shift to an earlier date with less impact due to the rise of cumulative temperature.Length of growing season extends and shortens because of the increase of cumulative precipitation and temperature of response time,separately.③ The end of growing season change greatly impacts the annual variation of growing season length. ④ The start of growing season mainly reflect cumulative hydrothermal of the previous year, but the cumulative precipitation of growing season worked powerfully upon the end of growing season.For the growing season length,cumulative temperature before the growing season is the most influential factor. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Fruit Polymorphism of Calligonum rubicundum Bge. KONG Fan-kui, SHI Wei, YIN Lin-ke, PAN Bo-rong, ZHAO Yan-fen 2016, 33 (1):  159-165.  doi: 10.13866/j.azr.2016.01.20 Abstract ( 831 )   PDF (3547KB) ( 865 )   8 populations of Calligonum rubicundum Bge. were chose in desert area near the Irtysh river in north Xinjiang. The community was investigated; the fruits were collected and measured. According to the statistical analysis, 14 quantity indexes among the populations were significant different including the length of fruit, width of fruit, the length of setae, the fruit form and the fruit size; the length of achenes, width of achenes and the achenes form, the depth of wings, the space between wings, the depth of notch in wings, and the intersection angle between the neighbor wings. And 4 quality indexes including the fruit form, the color of mature fruit, the form of notch, and the prism fx of wings, indexed among the populations were different. The results showed that, the fruit morphology of C.rubicundum is significantly different (P<0.000 1) among the populations. The fruit polymorphism was not only among the populations, but also among the sample individual plants. The results can provide a valuable reference for C.rubicundum and its related species for further classification of the middle and lower levels of C.rubicundum and the reference for the protection and utilization of C.rubicundum plant resources. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Relationship between Root Biomass Distribution and Soil Moisture, Nutrient for Two Desert Plant Species GUO Jing-heng, LI Chang-jun, ZENG Fan-jiang, ZHANG Bo, LIU Bo, GUO Zi-chun 2016, 33 (1):  166-171.  doi: 10.13866/j.azr.2016.01.211 Abstract ( 758 )   PDF (1905KB) ( 1178 )   With the field work of digging the root and the lab analysis of samples,we have tested the soil moisture and nutrients in the Tamarix ramosissima and Haloxylon ammodendron fields,analyzed the relationship between the vertical distribution of root biomass and the soil moisture and nutrient of two desert plant species. The results showed that: ① With the soil depth increased,the root biomass of two desert plant species gradually reduce,in line with the exponential decline model. The root biomass of Tamarix ramosissima was 2.36 times with the same age of Haloxylon ammodendron. ② The soil water content of two kind of desert plant fields is significant different while there is no significant difference of nutrient.③ The root biomass of two desert plant species had extremely significant relationship with the soil moisture,the correlation coefficient was 0.885 and 0.988,respectively showed that in arid areas,soil moisture conditions had an enormous influence upon the plant root growth and development. ④ There was not significance between the root biomass of two desert plant species and soil nutrient,indicated that in the southern margin of the Taklimakan desert,the soil nutrient is not restrictive factors of plant root growth. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Response of Populus euphratica at Different Ages to Rainfall Pulses in the Desert Riparian Forest of the Lower Reaches of the Heihe River LIU Shu-bao, CHEN Ya-ning, CHEN Ya-peng, LI Yang, REN Zhi-guo 2016, 33 (1):  172-178.  doi: 10.13866/j.azr.2016.01.22 Abstract ( 651 )   PDF (956KB) ( 927 )   Stable isotopes of oxygen and hydrogen were considered to be a good tool and have been used to identify the source of water,because different source of water possess different oxygen or hydrogen isotope signatures.Until now,several approaches have been developed to quantify the contribution of different water source to plants based on the isotopic mass-balance principal.We researched the response of Populus euphratica for different ages to rainfall pulsation,playing a key role in formulating the conservation strategy of Populus euphratica under the climate change.In this study,we analyzed the soil water of different depth,groundwater and precipitation on the contribution ratio of plants,combined with the change of soil water content,discussed the response of Populus euphratica to rainfall pulsation before and after rain,based on the composition of the stable oxygen and hydrogen isotope (δ18O,δD) of the xylem of Populus euphratica in different ages and different potential water sources in the lower reaches of the Heihe River.The results showed that:① There were significant differences of δ18O value in the xylem of young Populus euphratica before and after rain,-3.498‰ and -7.928‰,but there were no significant differences of mature Populus euphratica,-7.202‰ and -7.225‰;② Water source absorption ratio changes greatly of young Populus euphratica before and after rain.Before rain,the main absorption of 0-30 cm of soil water,the using proportion is as high as 88%-90%,the mean value of 89.9%,only using 2.9% underground water.After the rain,the use of precipitation is up to 60%,the mean value of 19%;The main water sources of mature Populus euphratica were underground water and deep subsoil water.The depth range of the mature Populus euphratica is wider than young Populus euphratica. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effects of Legume-grass Mixed Sowing on Forage Grass Yield and Quality in Artificial Grassland LIU Min, GONG Ji-rui, WANG Yi-hui, ZHANG Zi-yu, XU Sha, LUO Qin-pu 2016, 33 (1):  179-185.  doi: 10.13866/j.azr.2016.01.23 Abstract ( 761 )   PDF (1771KB) ( 834 )   The grass is a very important terrestrial ecosystem,stores a large amount of soil carbon,and occupies an important position in the global carbon cycle.The planting of artificial grassland is the development of intensive grassland animal husbandry,the implementation of the important measures for the sustainable development of ecology.This study measured the forage grass yield,competitive capacity,forage grass quality of legume and grass in monoculture and mixed sowing,respectively,to determine the effects of different sowing methods on forage growth in Maodeng Pasture of Xilinhot,Inner Mongolia.The results show that forage grass yield in legume-grass mixture increased significantly compared with that in monoculture,especially the forage grass yield in the second mixed sowing year was higher than that in the first mixed sowing year.When the ratio of grass to legume is 2∶1,inter-species competition lowered to some extent and the relative yield total (RYT) was larger than 1,showing that legume-grass mixture benefitted both legume and grass and enhanced the likelihood of coexistence.Forage grass quality in mixture was significantly improved with increasing in the content of crude protein,decreasing in the content of cellulose and no significant difference in the content of lignin.We conclude that legume-grass mixture sowing is a good choice to build artificial grassland due to its high stability,yield and quality so that it can be popularized extensively. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Applicability of Vegetation Temperature Index for Drought Monitoring at Different Time Scales LIN Qiao, WANG Peng-xin, ZHANG Shu-yu, LI Li, JING Yi-gang, LIU Jun-ming 2016, 33 (1):  186-192.  doi: 10.13866/j.azr.2016.01.24 Abstract ( 577 )   PDF (3777KB) ( 1031 )   Drought as a high incidence of agrometeorological disasters, long plagued industrial and agricultural production in many countries around the world. Drought is a natural disaster which has a great impact on human society and natural environment. With the development of economic and the continuous growth of population, range of drought is expanding and increasing. Monitoring and early warning of drought has become the focus of global concern. Vegetation Temperature Condition Index (VTCI) which integrates NDVI and LST can be applied to monitor current droughts more accurately at regional level, and provides the scientific basis for drought monitoring and crop yield estimation. The Aqua-MODIS remotely sensed data, precipitation and soil moisture from March to May in years from 2003 to 2013 were used to study applicability of VTCI drought monitoring method in the Guanzhong Plain of Shaanxi Province at time scales of 10, 16, 32 and 48 days. After comparing and analyzing the correlation coefficients between VTCI and cumulative precipitation and soil moisture, it is obvious that the correlation coefficients decrease with the increase of time scales, which indicates the applicability of VTCI drought monitoring method becomes worse with the increase of time scales. The VTCI drought monitoring method at the scale of 10 days is more suitable, while the method at the scale of 48 days is not suitable for monitoring droughts. The VTCI drought monitoring results at different time scales show that the method at the scale of 10 days is more accurate and practical. In order to meet the needs of different time scale agricultural drought monitoring, based on the drought monitoring results at the scale of 10 days, the time scale transformation method is applied to research and develop the drought monitoring method of main growth period for corps, which is one of the important research direction in the future. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Optimal Dilution Ratio of Detecting Fecal Steroids of Przewalski's Horse by ELISA Assay GE Xing-fang, HU De-fu, JI Sheng-nan, LIU Gang, ZHANG Wen-bo, WANG Bo-jun, CAO Jie 2016, 33 (1):  193-196.  doi: 10.13866/j.azr.2016.01.25 Abstract ( 732 )   PDF (616KB) ( 820 )   Przewalski's horse is the world's endangered species. There are less than 2 000 in the world,and the vast majority of them are captive or semi-wild individuals. It is of great significance to study the breeding and development of Przewalski's horse for the rejuvenation and returning to wild state of this species. Methanol has particular effect on detecting fecal steroids. To determine optimal dilution ratio when using ELISA method to detect fecal steroids of Przewalski's horse,we used PBS buffer to dilute the extracted samples which stored in methanol at a series ratios before detecting. The results showed when detecting progesterone (P),sample was diluted 15 times; detecting testosterone (T),sample was diluted 15 times; detecting estradiol (E2),sample was diluted 30-50 times,the enzyme-labelled antigen binding rate B/B0(%) closed to 50%. It means that 50% coating antibody was bound by the enzyme-labelled antigen,and at that time detecting results were more sensitive. The result provides support in the way for researching breeding and development of non-invasive species. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Behavioral Differences and Synchronization on Males and Females of Ovis ammon darwini in Kalamaili Mountains,Xinjiang LIU Ning-na, CHU Hong-jun, ZHANG Jun-yong, DU Cong-cong, HE Lei, GE Yan 2016, 33 (1):  197-203.  doi: 10.13866/j.azr.2016.01.26 Abstract ( 675 )   PDF (1830KB) ( 865 )   The activities rhythms of argali were studied in Mt. Kalamaili Ungulate Nature Reserve(MKUNR) from March 2012 to March 2013.The behavioral observations followed the group scan sampling method and focal sampling method. The results indicated that argali have similar activity pattern in different seasons,but significant seasonal difference between male and female argali was also detected on the activities rhythms. The forage activities took a greater proportion during all seasons(about 50%). There is significant difference between male and female argali on the foraging activities(P<0.01),The relax activities also took a greater proportion during all seasons. There is significant difference between male and female argali in Summer and Autumn(P<0.01).For the diurnal rhythms,males and females spent more time in foraging and bedding,and males spent more time in bedding than females. The behavior synchronization index of groups indicated significant difference in the synchronization of male,female and mixed groups. The activities synchronization levels of same-sex groups were higher than mixed-sex groups. And the significant difference was also detected between males and females on their behavior individuals in mixed group, while males and females were just the reverse(female groups and mixed groups:χ2=14.976,df=1,P<0.01;male groups and mixed groups:χ2=10.472,df=1,P<0.01). Additionally,significant difference was also detected between males and females on their behavior synchronization index. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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On the Quaternary Environment Evolution in the Northeast Margin of Tarim YUAN Ge-xin, ZHAO Zhen-hua, CHEN Jian-jie, BAI You-liang, YAN Chang-hong 2016, 33 (1):  204-209.  doi: 10.13866/j.azr.2016.01.27 Abstract ( 559 )   PDF (3484KB) ( 962 )   Lop Nor area is a research hotspot of arid region because of the abundant geological environment information in the strata around Lop Nor dry lake. According to regional stratigraphic and tectonic information, sequence of tectonic events, the environmental information of lake sediment, the study reconstructed the quaternary environment and climate change quantitatively or semi quantitatively and estimated the trend of geological environment and climate change in the future. The study showed that, three large-scale tectonic activities which in 767-531 ka, 255-158 ka and 43-34 ka (middle-late stage of late pleistocene)influenced the modern topography distribution feature, and the ancient lake location changed since the quaternary period. This area is sated erosion platform, and has relatively stable development history, the erosion rate is about 0.09-1.2 mm·ka-1 through the bedrock erosion “flattened” time and surrounding stone relics denudation rate. Through the above quaternary geological environment evolution and climate change exploration in northwestern margin of the LBP, we conclude preliminarily the tectonic activities control the hydrological distribution of study area, especially the scope of the ancient lake. In general, the climate of Lop Nor area for acidification is likely to continue. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Grain Size Distribution of Sand Dunes at River Banks WANG Yong, HAN Guang, YANG Lin, YAN Xin-guo, GUO Yu-hang 2016, 33 (1):  210-214.  doi: 10.13866/j.azr.2016.01.28 Abstract ( 777 )   PDF (1036KB) ( 992 )   The analysis on of grain size distribution characteristics of sand dunes sediments was one of the major content of aeolian landform process.Through the field research and measurement,samples of river sand dunes in the Xiangshui River situated in the west of western Liaohe River campagna were collected along the prevailing wind direction; the grain size distribution law was studied by lazer particle analyzer.The results were obtained as follows:① the grain size of river sand dunes in the east is coarser than that the west.The grain size of river sand dunes in the east decreases from windward slope toe to the mid-below part of leeward slope; the sorting becomes much better from the bilateral slope toe to the slope top.The grain size of river sand dunes in the west becomes finer,equally sorted and positively skewed from the bilateral slope toe to the slope top.River sand is the finest; its mean grain size is finer than the sand in the east and west bank,its sorting is better than the sand in the east bank and worse than the sand in the west bank in general.② With the action of wind and river,sand dunes in the east can get sand source from deep strata.But sand dunes in the west obtain sand of shallow strata under the effect of wind. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Study on the Spatial Structure of Tourist Resources in the Three Gorge Area of Yellow River in Gansu Province WANG Lu-cang, YANG Zhi-peng, WU Rong-wei, ZHANG Ning 2016, 33 (1):  215-222.  doi: 10.13866/j.azr.2016.01.29 Abstract ( 728 )   PDF (1240KB) ( 935 )   Tourism spatial structure is referring to the tourism system function organization way on the space projection or appearance, which is spatial interactions and correlations of human beings in tourism activities due to the regional difference between a tourist destination, tourist places and tourist traffic line system. Its space structure's rationality affects the destination tourism development momentum directly. Though the Yellow River Three Gorges Scenic Area is located in the northwest arid region, relying on the rich and unique resources advantage has become one of the most famous scenic spot in the Yellow River basin. Influenced by the river valley basis, with typical spatial characteristics of its resource types, spatial structure, touring line etc. affects the tourism spatial pattern deeply. Paper with the ArcGIS spatial network plane analysis module and Excel platform analyze the tourist resources spatial structure of Yellow River Three Gorges Scenic Area quantitatively, with the neighboring index and variation coefficient of Voronoi polygon analyzing its spatial distribution type, with the geographic concentration index and Gini coefficient analyzing its spatial distribution of balance, with index β, index γ and index α analyzing its connection degree index. The results show that the spatial distribution of tourism resources in the scenic area uniformity is low,and it is polycentric aggregated distribution. This is not only conductive to the integration of scenic spots and tourism scale effect, also can reduce the external diseconomy interval shield effect. Between scenic spots the transport network density is low, space contact is weak and accessibility is low. Between the scenic spots lack of directly connect and circular tourist route, and it is back and forth of single line. References | Related Articles | Metrics