基于无人机的巴音布鲁克草原甘肃马先蒿多时相提取

doi:10.13866/j.azr.2025.07.13

Abstract

Abstract:

Invasive plants have significantly impacted the function and biodiversity of the global ecosystem. In the context of global climate change, the effective control of invasive plants is important for maintaining the stability of grassland ecosystems. The spectral differences between invasive plants and native dominant species during phenological stages provide an opportunity for remote sensing technology to monitor their spatiotemporal distribution. Previous studies have primarily focused on single-phase monitoring and the classification of plants, with relatively fewer studies on multitemporal continuous monitoring, particularly during early phenological stages. In this study, we focused on Pedicularis kansuensis, an invasive species of the Bayinbuluk grassland of Xinjiang, using UAV-based multispectral data and machine learning algorithms to extract spatial distribution data for P. kansuensis during key phenological stages in 2023 (emergence, initial flowering, peak flowering, and senescence stages) and the peak flowering stage in 2024. We examined the feasibility of extracting P. kansuensis at each phenological stage and analyzed changes in inter-annual spatial distribution. The results indicated that (1) The random forest algorithm slightly outperformed the support vector machine, with model accuracy varying with the growth stages of P. kansuensis; specifically, peak flowering stage (late July to late August) > initial flowering stage (late June to early July) > emergence stage (mid-June) > senescence stage (mid-September). Throughout the growth season, spatial distribution during the early growth stages (emergence and initial flowering) exhibited a high spatial overlap with the peak flowering stage, and the key features were consistent with those of the peak flowering stage. This suggests that the random forest algorithm can effectively map the distribution of P. kansuensis during the emergence stage, which provides important technical support for the early-stage monitoring of invasive plants; (2) The spatial distribution of P. kansuensis exhibited significant inter-annual variation, with less than 15% spatial overlap between the two years; (3) During the growth season, the most important feature for distinguishing P. kansuensis (excluding the senescence stage), from other co-occurring species was the normalized difference index, calculated from the 555 nm and 720 nm bands, followed by the green band. Because P. kansuensis had entered the senescence stage, there was a noticeable change in feature importance, with significant differences in various background environments. These results demonstrate the feasibility of using UAV-based multispectral remote sensing technology for monitoring the early phenological stages of P. kansuensis and offer technical support for early warning and control measures.

Key words: Pedicularis kansuensis, unmanned aerial vehicles, multispectral data, random forest, multi-temporal imagery, key phenological stages

ZHANG Jiarong, ZHAO Jin, LI Haining, GONG Yanming, LIU Yanyan, LIN Jun, LI Kaihui. Multitemporal extraction of Pedicularis kansuensis in the Bayinbuluk grassland based on UAV images[J].Arid Zone Research, 2025, 42(7): 1301-1312.

Figures/Tables 11

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References 37

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样地编号	样地位置	主要物种	杂类草	其他地物
1号样地	83°44′19.8″E, 42°54′26.7″N, 2470 m	紫花针茅（Stipa purpurea）、寒生羊茅（Festuca kryloviana）、溚草（Koeleria cristata）、天山赖草（Leymus tianschanicus）、垂穗披碱草（Elymus nutans）、多裂委陵菜（Potentilla multifida）等	甘肃马先蒿（Pedicularis kansuensis）	裸地
2号样地	83°43′0.5″E, 42°54′2.3″N, 2466 m	紫花针茅、垂穗披碱草、多裂委陵菜等	甘肃马先蒿、新疆假龙胆（Gentianella turkestanorum）	裸地河道
3号样地	83°17′2.6″E, 42°42′29.8″N, 2410 m	垂穗披碱草、多裂委陵菜等	甘肃马先蒿、新疆假龙胆	裸地河道

	1号样地	2号样地	3号样地
2023年6月中旬	6月16日	6月16日	6月19日
2023年6月下旬	6月30日	-	7月3日
2023年7月中旬	7月13日	7月13日	7月14日
2023年7月下旬	7月23日	7月23日	7月24日
2023年8月上旬	8月2日	8月02日	8月6日
2023年8月中旬	8月19日	8月19日	8月20日
2023年8月下旬	8月30日	8月31日	8月30日
2023年9月中旬	9月12日	9月12日	9月8日
2024年8月	8月12日	8月21日	8月1日

地物	1号样地	2号样地	3号样地
甘肃马先蒿	10295	3444	7284
其他地物（裸地、多年生草本绿草、枯草、其他）	60536	-	-
其他地物（裸地、多年生草本绿草、枯草、河道、其他）	-	15547	22759

分类器	时间	OA/%	PA/%		UA/%		F1-score	Kappa系数
分类器	时间	OA/%	甘肃马先蒿	其他地物	甘肃马先蒿	其他地物	F1-score	Kappa系数
SVM	2023年6月中旬	97.19	83.34	99.52	96.70	97.26	0.9131	0.8792
	2023年6月下旬	98.02	88.31	99.66	97.76	98.06	0.9393	0.9165
	2023年7月中旬	98.23	89.71	99.66	97.79	98.29	0.9457	0.9255
	2023年7月下旬	99.16	95.59	99.76	98.52	99.26	0.9744	0.9654
	2023年8月上旬	99.49	97.29	99.86	99.13	99.55	0.9844	0.9790
	2023年8月中旬	99.58	98.24	99.80	98.82	99.70	0.9872	0.9828
	2023年8月下旬	99.36	96.41	99.86	99.13	99.40	0.9806	0.9738
	2023年9月中旬	98.56	93.21	99.46	96.68	98.86	0.9564	0.9407
RF	2023年6月中旬	97.36	85.04	99.43	96.20	97.53	0.9188	0.8875
	2023年6月下旬	97.91	86.90	99.76	98.41	97.84	0.9355	0.9110
	2023年7月中旬	98.14	88.63	99.74	98.30	98.12	0.9428	0.9214
	2023年7月下旬	99.01	93.86	99.87	99.21	98.98	0.9697	0.9588
	2023年8月上旬	99.39	96.83	99.82	98.90	99.47	0.9814	0.9750
	2023年8月中旬	99.43	97.13	99.81	98.87	99.52	0.9826	0.9766
	2023年8月下旬	99.16	95.10	99.85	99.05	99.18	0.9745	0.9655
	2023年9月中旬	98.45	92.98	99.37	96.12	98.82	0.9531	0.9362

分类器	时间	OA/%	PA/%		UA/%		F1-score	Kappa系数
分类器	时间	OA/%	甘肃马先蒿	其他地物	甘肃马先蒿	其他地物	F1-score	Kappa系数
SVM	2023年6月中旬	99.18	96.22	99.65	97.78	99.40	0.9745	0.9652
	2023年7月中旬	99.09	96.71	99.56	97.78	99.35	0.9746	0.9670
	2023年7月下旬	99.02	96.58	99.51	97.51	99.32	0.9727	0.9646
	2023年8月上旬	99.48	97.67	99.84	99.17	99.54	0.9853	0.9810
	2023年8月中旬	99.16	97.26	99.54	97.66	99.46	0.9765	0.9696
	2023年8月下旬	98.64	95.21	99.32	96.53	99.05	0.9619	0.9505
	2023年9月中旬	97.77	90.00	99.32	96.33	98.04	0.9373	0.9173
RF	2023年6月中旬	99.22	97.47	99.55	97.57	99.53	0.9776	0.9706
	2023年7月中旬	99.21	97.57	99.57	98.05	99.47	0.9789	0.9733
	2023年7月下旬	99.09	96.99	99.55	97.94	99.34	0.9756	0.9691
	2023年8月上旬	99.37	97.57	99.76	98.92	99.47	0.9830	0.9786
	2023年8月中旬	99.19	96.80	99.72	98.71	99.30	0.9783	0.9725
	2023年8月下旬	98.95	95.44	99.72	98.69	99.00	0.9717	0.9640
	2023年9月中旬	98.26	93.50	99.31	96.78	98.58	0.9534	0.9406

Multitemporal extraction of Pedicularis kansuensis in the Bayinbuluk grassland based on UAV images

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面积/m²		1号样地		合计	2号样地		合计	3号样地		合计
		2024年			2024年			2024年
		甘肃马先蒿	其他地物		甘肃马先蒿	其他地物		甘肃马先蒿	其他地物
2023年	甘肃马先蒿	79.10	571.59	650.69	524.44	7732.42	8256.87	5.37	266.21	271.58
2023年	其他地物	557.78	10586.27	11144.05	253.32	13931.63	14184.94	776.83	23522.22	24299.05
合计		636.88	11157.86	11794.74	777.76	21664.05	22441.81	782.20	23788.43	24570.63

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分类器	时间	OA/%	PA/%		UA/%		F1-score	Kappa系数
分类器	时间	OA/%	甘肃马先蒿	其他地物	甘肃马先蒿	其他地物	F1-score	Kappa系数
SVM	2023年6月中旬	95.13	85.92	97.83	92.06	95.95	0.8836	0.8577
	2023年6月下旬	97.49	93.77	98.58	95.10	98.18	0.9399	0.9281
	2023年7月中旬	98.54	96.88	99.02	96.68	99.09	0.9649	0.9583
	2023年7月下旬	99.25	98.07	99.60	98.65	99.43	0.9819	0.9787
	2023年8月上旬	99.10	97.64	99.54	98.43	99.30	0.9784	0.9745
	2023年8月中旬	98.67	96.67	99.26	97.51	99.01	0.9681	0.9622
	2023年8月下旬	97.41	94.52	98.25	94.06	98.39	0.9381	0.9261
	2023年9月中旬	93.47	84.26	96.17	86.58	95.42	0.8469	0.8120
RF	2023年6月中旬	95.75	88.52	98.03	93.41	96.44	0.9007	0.8813
	2023年6月下旬	97.65	94.26	98.72	95.86	98.20	0.9448	0.9351
	2023年7月中旬	98.38	96.21	99.07	97.01	98.81	0.9619	0.9554
	2023年7月下旬	99.32	98.20	99.68	98.97	99.43	0.9840	0.9814
	2023年8月上旬	99.08	97.64	99.53	98.51	99.26	0.9782	0.9747
	2023年8月中旬	98.48	96.48	99.11	97.16	98.89	0.9642	0.9582
	2023年8月下旬	97.35	94.86	98.13	94.12	98.38	0.9382	0.9275
	2023年9月中旬	94.01	85.84	96.58	88.80	95.58	0.8619	0.8338