Abstract: In this paper, the drought actuality in the Weihe River Basin was investigated using drought indices based on the monthly precipitation data. A case study was carried out to compare the consistency and difference of the calculated results of Z-index and SPI at Xi’an Meteorological Station. The actuality and duration of historical drought and flood at the station at 1-month, 3-month, 6-month, 9-month, 12-month and 24-month time scales were analyzed, and the seasonal drought and flood features at the station were lucubrated. The SPI values at different time scales in the Weihe River Basin in November 1995 were computed to obtain their spatial distribution. It was found that Z-index was not suitable for describing the features of drought at shorttime scale. The SPI values at multi-time scales can be used to reflect the distribution of precipitation, which is an effective method for monitoring and predicting drought. The results also indicated that severe drought occurred in 1995 in the Weihe River Basin possessed the evident seasonal and multi-year features, and the drought severity decreased holistically from the southeast to the northwest.