青海湖芨芨草干草原植被退化对土壤温湿特征的影响

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 芨芨草(Achnatherum splendens)干草原目前退化严重,但对土壤温湿特征的驱动机理仍不清楚。利用2011年连续观测资料分析环青海湖区域的芨芨草干草原原生植被和典型退化区域的0 cm、5 cm、10 cm、20 cm、40 cm和80 cm土壤温度和5 cm、10 cm、20 cm、40 cm和80 cm土壤容积含水量。结果表明:植被退化直接导致0 cm和5 cm表层土壤温度日极大值显著升高了39.04%和13.91%,温度日极小值显著降低,温度日较差升高;而10 cm以下温度日特征无显著响应。原生植被区0 cm逐日土壤温度在植物生长季(5—9月)极显著降低,非生长季5 cm和10 cm则略高。芨芨草植被改变了土壤年均温度垂向扩散特征。植被退化间接导致土壤5 cm土壤容积含水量升高了35.20%,10 cm无差别,20 cm以下显著降低,同时降低了系统土壤含水量的时间稳定性。特征聚类分析结果表明,芨芨草干草原土壤温湿特征对植被退化的综合响应主要表现在7—8月。

关键词: 芨芨草(Achnatherum splendens), 干草原, 土壤含水量, 土壤温度, 原生植被, 植被退化, 聚类分析, 青海湖

Abstract: Achnatherum splendens steppe is one of the dominated vegetation types around the Qinghai Lake in Qinghai Province, China, but it has been degenerated seriously. However, its driving effect on soil temperature and moisture content is still unclear. The continuously-measured data were used to analyze the soil temperature and volumetric moisture content in soil layers at 0, 5, 10, 20, 40 cm and 80 cm and 5, 10, 20, 40 cm and 80 cm in depth over the native vegetation area and the typical degenerated area of the steppe in whole 2011. The results showed that the vegetation degeneration resulted directly in a significant increase of topsoil maximum temperature at 0 and 5 cm in depth (39.04% and 13.91% respectively), the daily minimum temperature was significantly decreased, the daily range of soil temperature was increased, but there was no significant response of daily temperature of soil deeper than 10 cm to vegetation degeneration. Daily topsoil temperature was decreased obviously in plant growing season from May to September, but that at soil layers of 5 cm and 10 cm in depth was slightly increased in non-growing season. There was a vertical diffusion of annual soil temperature under the A. splendens canopy and litters as well as in rhizosphere. Vegetation degeneration resulted indirectly in an increase of soil volumetric moisture content (35.20%) at 5 cm but a significantly decrease at 20 cm. Moreover, the temporal stability of soil moisture content was reduced. The cluster analysis revealed that the comprehensive response of soil temperature and moisture content to the degeneration of A. splendens steppe occurred mainly during the period from July to August.

Key words: Achnatherum splendens, steppe, soil moisture content, soil temperature, native vegetation, vegetation degeneration, cluster analysis, Qinghai Lake

张法伟, 郭竹筠, 李以康, 林丽, 周国英, 曹广民. 青海湖芨芨草干草原植被退化对土壤温湿特征的影响[J]. 干旱区研究, 2013, 30(2): 219-225.

ZHANG Fa-wei, GUO Zhu-jun, LI Yi-kang, LIN Li, ZHOU Guo-ying, CAO Guang-min. Effect of Soil Temperature and Volumetric Moisture Content on Vegetation Degeneration over the Achnatherum splendens Steppe around the Qinghai Lake, China[J]. Arid Zone Research, 2013, 30(2): 219-225.

参考文献

[1] 陈珪琛,彭敏.青海省芨芨草草原的群落特征及其分布规律[J]. 西北植物学报,1993,13(2):154-162.
[Chen Guichen,Peng Min.Community characteristics and distribution law of Achnatherum steppe in Qinghai Province[J]. Acta Botany of Boreal-Occident Sinica,1993,13(2):154-162.]
[2] 周兴民,王质彬,杜庆.青海植被[M]. 西宁:青海人民出版社,1987.
[Zhou Xingmin,Wang Zhibing,Du Qing.Qinghai Vegetation[M]. Xining:Qinghai People Press,1987.]
[3] Han J G,Zhang Y J,Wang C J,et al.Rangeland degradation and restoration management in China[J]. The Rangeland Journal,2008,30(2):233-239.
[4] Wang G X,Qian J,Cheng G D,et al.Eco-environmental degradation and causal analysis in the source region of the Yellow River[J]. Environmental Geology,2001,40:884-890.
[5] 赵哈林,周瑞莲,王进,等.呼伦贝尔沙质草地植被的沙漠化演变规律及其机制[J]. 干旱区研究,2011,28(4):565-571.
[Zhao Halin,Zhou Ruilian,Wang Jin,et al.Desertification process and its mechanism of steppe vegetation in the Hulunbeir sandy steppe,Inner Mongolia[J]. Arid Zone Research,2011,28(4):565-571.]
[6] 郭忠升,邵明安.半干旱区人工林草地土壤旱化与土壤水分植被承载力[J]. 生态学报,2003,23(8):1 640-1 647.
[Guo Zhongsheng,Shao Ming’an,Soil water carrying capacity of vegetation and soil desiccation in artificial forestry and grassland in semi-arid regions of the Loess Plateau[J]. Acta Ecologica Sinica,2003,23(8):1 640-1 647.]
[7] Schilesinger W H,Reynolds J F,Cunningham G L,et al.Biological feedbacks in global desertification[J]. Science,1990,247(4 946):1 043-1 048.
[8] 龚子同,陈鸿昭,骆国保.人为作用对土壤环境质量的影响及对策[J]. 土壤与环境,2000,9(1):7-10.
[Gong Zidong,Chen Hongzhao,Luo Guobao.Effects of anthropogenic processes on soil environment quality and its controls[J]. Soil and Environmental Sciences,2000,9(1):7-10.]
[9] van de Koppel J,Rietkerk M,Weissing F J.Catastrophic vegetation shifts and soil degradation in terrestrial grazing systems[J]. Trends in Ecology & Evolution,1997,12(9):352-356.
[10] 王根绪,程国栋,沈永平,等.土壤覆盖变化对高寒草甸土壤特性的影响[J]. 科学通报,2002,47(23):1 771-1 777.
[Wang Genxu,Cheng Guodong,Shen Yongping,et al.The influence of soil cover on soil characteristics in alpine meadow[J]. Chinese Science Bulletin,2002,47(23):1 771-1 777.]
[11] 柳媛普,吕世华,李锁锁,等.黄河源区草地退化对局地气候环境影响的数值模拟[J]. 高原气象,2009,28(2):327-334.
[Liu Yuanpu,Lv Shihua,Li Suosuo,et al.Numerical simulation of impact of land surface changes on regional climatic environment in source regions of Yellow River[J]. Plateau Meteorology,2009,28(2):327-334.]
[12] 周华坤,赵新全,周立,等.青藏高原高寒草甸的植被退化与土壤退化特征研究[J]. 草业学报,2005,14(3):31-40.
[Zhou Huakun,Zhao Xinquan,Zhou Li,et al.A study on correlations between vegetation degradation and soil degradation in the Alpine meadow of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau[J]. Acta Prataculturae Sinica,2005,14(3):31-40.]
[13] 张伟华,关世英,李跃进,等.不同恢复措施对退化草地土壤水分和养分的影响[J]. 内蒙古农业大学学报,2000,21(4):31-35.
[Zhang Weihua,Guan Shiying,Li Yuejin,et al.Effect of defferent restoration measure on the moisture and nutrient of soil of degradated grassland[J]. Journal of Inner Mongolia Agricultural University,2000,21(4):31-35.]
[14] Richards J H.The future of restoration ecology:Challenges and opportunities[J]. Restoration Ecology,2005,13(2):239-241.
[15] Snyman H A,du Preez C C.Rangeland degradation in a semi-arid South Africa II.Influence on soil quality[J]. Journal of Arid Environments,2005,60:483-507.
[16] Su Y Z,Li Y L,Cui J Y,et al.Influence of continuous grazing and livestock exclusion on soil properties in a degraded sandy grassland,Inner Mongolia,northern China[J]. Catena,2005,59:267-278.
[17] 张淑琴,陈晓德,李艳霞,等.缙云山植被群落对土壤温度变化的影响研究[J]. 西南大学学报:自然科学版,2007,29(5):162-167.
[Zhang Shuqin,Chen Xiaode,Li Yanxia,et al.Effect of plant communities on the change of soil temperature in Jinyun Mountain[J]. Journal of Southwest University:Natural Sciences Edition,2007,29(5):162-167.]
[18] Zhou H,Zhao X,Tang Y,et al.Alpine grassland degradation and its control in the source region of the Yangtze and Yellow Rivers,China[J]. Grassland Science,2005,51(3):191-203.
[19] 张法伟,郭竹筠,林丽,等.青海湖芨芨草干草原浅层土壤温度和导温率的基本特征[J]. 中国农业气象,2012,33(1):66-70.
[Zhang Fawei,Guo Zhujun,Lin Li,et al.Soil shallow layer temperature and thermal diffusivity of Achnatherum splendens arid grassland around Qinghai Lake Area[J]. Chinese Journal of Agrometeorology,2012,33(1):66-70.]
[20] 朱宝文,陈晓光,郑有飞,等.青海湖北岸天然草地小尺度地表径流与降水关系[J]. 冰川冻土,2009,31(6):1 074-1 079.
[Zhu Baowen,Chen Xiaoguang,Zheng Youfei,et al.Correlation analysis between small-scale surface runoff and precipitation of the grassland near the north shore of Qinghai Lake[J]. Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology,2009,31(6):1 047-1 079.]
[21] 周国英,陈桂琛,徐文华,等.围栏封育对青海湖地区芨芨草草原生物量的影响[J]. 干旱区地理,2010,33(3):434-441.
[Zhou Guoying,Chen Guichen,Xu Wenhua,et al.Influence of enclosure to Achnatherum splendens steppes biomass in the Qinghai Lake Area[J]. Arid Land Geography,2010,33(3):434-441.]
[22] 贺欢,田长彦,王林霞.不同覆盖方式对新疆棉田土壤温度和水分的影响[J]. 干旱区研究,2009,26(6):826-831.
[He Huan,Tian Changyan,Wang Linxia.Effect of different coverings on soil temperature and soil moisture content in cotton field in Xinjiang[J]. Arid Zone Research,2009,26(6):826-831.]
[23] 杨智明,王琴,王秀娟,等.放牧强度对草地牧草物候期生活力和土壤含水量的影响[J]. 农业科学研究,2005,26(3):1-3.
[Yang Zhiming,Wang Qin,Wang Xiujuan,et al.Effects of the different grazing intensity on the phenophase viability of plants and water content in soil[J]. Journal of Agricultural Sciences,2005,26(3):1-3.]
[24] 潘颜霞,王新平,苏颜桂,等.荒漠人工固沙植被区浅层土壤水分动态的时间稳定性特征[J]. 中国沙漠,2009,29(1):81-86.
[Pan Yanxia,Wang Xinping,Su Yangui,et al.Temporal stability of surface soil moisture in artificially revegetated desert area[J]. Journal of Desert Research,2009,29(1):81-86.]
[25] 王一博,王根绪,张春敏,等.高寒植被生态系统变化对土壤物理化学性状的影响[J]. 冰川冻土,2007,29(6):921-927.
[Wang Yibo,Wang Genxu,Zhang Chunmin,et al.Response of soil physicochemical properties to the changes of the vegetation ecosystem on the Tibetan Plateau[J]. Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology,2007,29(6):921-927.]
[26] 王静,程积民,万惠娥,等.黄土高原芨芨草土壤水分特征及水分利用效率研究[J]. 干旱气象,2004,22(4):51-55.
[Wang Jing,Chen Jimin,Wang Huie,et al.Study on soil moisture characteristics and water use efficiency of Achnatherum splendens grassland in Loess Plateau[J]. Arid Meteorology,2004,22(4):51-55.]
[27] Snyman H A.Rangeland degradation in a semi-arid South Africa I.Influence on seasonal root distribution,root/shoot ratios and water-use efficiency[J]. Journal of Arid Environments,2005,60:457-481.
[28] 张法伟,李英年,曹广民,等.青海湖北岸高寒草甸草原生态系统CO₂通量特征及其驱动因子[J]. 植物生态学报,2012,32(3):187-198.
[Zhang Fawei,Li Yingnian,Cao Guangmin,et al.CO₂ fluxes and their driving factors over alpine meadow grassland ecosystems in the northern shore of Qinghai Lake,China[J]. Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology,2012,32(3):187-198.]
[29] 王风玉,周广胜,贾丙瑞,等.水热因子对退化草原羊草恢复演替群落土壤呼吸的影响[J]. 植物生态学报,2003,27(5):644-649.
[Wang Fengyu,Zhou Guangsheng,Jia Bingrui,et al.Effects of heat and water factors on soil respiration of restoring Leymus chinensis steppe in degraded land[J]. Acta Phytoecologia Sinica,2003,27(5):644-649.]