蒸散发观测研究进展及绿洲蒸散研究展望

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 蒸散发是绿洲水文循环中最重要的水文过程和生态过程之一,开展绿洲蒸散发研究是提高水资源利用的基础。从叶面、个体、田间到景观尺度,系统综述了国内外蒸散发观测研究的最新进展,结合荒漠绿洲的特点及研究现状,指出应加强: ① 涡度相关技术在异质性强的绿洲的应用技术研究;② 如何分割蒸散发中植物蒸腾和土壤蒸发,以及时空动态、驱动机制和调控机理;③ 瞬时蒸散量与累计蒸散量的估算问题;④ 田块、灌区、绿洲等不同尺度观测模拟与对比验证等研究。

关键词: 荒漠绿洲, 个体蒸腾, 群落蒸散发, 绿洲蒸散发, 多尺度观测模拟

Abstract: Evapotranspiration is one of the most important processes in both the hydrologic and ecological cycles in desert oasis system. Because of the dominant role of water resources in oasis ecosystem, observation and simulation of evapotranspiration (ET) flux are fundamental to the effective management of water resources in such environment. Recent progresses in evapotranspiration research are reviewed in this paper from a multi-scale perspective (e.g. leaf, individual, field and landscape). It was highlighted that following aspects should be included and focused on in future research: (a) Application of eddy covariance technique in researching oases with intense heterogeneity and uneven surface; (b) Partition of evapotranspiration between plant transpiration and soil evaporation and the spatiotemporal dynamics and driving and regulating mechanisms of evapotranspiration; (c) Estimation of the instantaneous and cumulative evapotranspiration; (d) observation, simulation, comparison and validation at multiple scales, such as the research plots, irrigated area and oasis.

Key words: desert oasis, individual transpiration, community evapotranspiration, oasis evapotranspiration, multi-scale observation and simulation

中图分类号:

P332.2

赵文智, 吉喜斌, 刘鹄. 蒸散发观测研究进展及绿洲蒸散研究展望[J]. 干旱区研究, 2011, 28(3): 463-470.

ZHAO Wen-zhi, JI Xi-bin, LIU Hu. Progresses in Evapotranspiration Research and Prospect in Desert Oasis Evapotranspiration Research[J]. , 2011, 28(3): 463-470.

参考文献

[1] McCabe M F,Wood E F.Scale influences on the remote estimation of evapotranspiration using multiple satellite sensors[J].Remote Sensing of Environment,2006,105(4):271-285.

[2] Yair A,Raz-Yassif N.Hydrological processes in a small arid catchment:Scale effects of rainfall and slope length[J].Geomorphology,2004,61(1~2):155-169.

[3] Pauwels V R N,Samson R.Comparison of different methods to measure and model actual evapotranspiration rates for a wet sloping grassland[J].Agricultural Water Management,2006,82(1~2):1-24.

[4] Lecina S,Martínez-Cob A,Pérez P J,et al.Fixed versus variable bulk canopy resistance for reference evapotranspiration estimation using the Penman-Monteith equation under semiarid conditions[J].Agricultural Water Management,2003,60(3):181-198.

[5] Bastiaanssen W G M.SEBAL-based sensible and latent heat fluxes in the irrigated Gediz Basin,Turkey[J].Journal of Hydrology,2000,229(1~2):87-100.

[6] Xu Z X,Li J Y.A distributed approach for estimating catchment evapotranspiration:Comparison of the combination equation and the complementary relationship approaches[J].Hydrological Processes,2003,17(8):1 509-1 523.

[7] Rosenberg N J,Blad B L,Verma S B.Microclimate:The Biological Environment[M]. New York:John Wiley & Sons,1983.

[8] Villagarcía L,Were A,Domingo F,et al.Estimation of soil boundary-layer resistance in sparse semiarid stands for evapotranspiration modelling[J].Journal of Hydrology,2007,342(1~2):173-183.

[9] Jarvis P G.Scaling processes and problems[J].Plant,Cell and Environment,1995,18(10):1 079-1 089.

[10] Liu L,Hoogenboom G,Ingram K T.Controlled-environment sunlit plant growth chambers[J].Critical Reviews in Plant Sciences,2000,19(4):347-375.

[11] Marx A,Kunstmann H,Schüttemeyer D,et al.Uncertainty analysis for satellite derived sensible heat fluxes and scintillometer measurements over Savannah environment and comparison to mesoscale meteorological simulation results[J].Agricultural and Forest Meteorology,2008,148(4):656-667.

[12] 范锡朋.西北内陆平原水资源开发利用引起的区域水文效应及其对环境的影响[J].地理学报,1991,46(4):415-426.[Fan Xipeng.On the regional hydrologic effect caused by the development of water resources and its influence on ecological environment[J].Acta Geographica Sinica,1991,46(4):415-426.]

[13] 樊自立,马英杰,艾力西尔·库尔班,等.试论中国荒漠区人工绿洲生态系统的形成演变和可持续发展[J].中国沙漠,2004,24(1):10-16.[Fan Zili,Ma Yingjie,Alishir Kurban,et al.On formation evolution and sustainable development of artificial oasis ecosystem in desert area in China[J].Journal of Desert Research,2004,24(1):10-16.]

[14] 王浩,陈敏建,秦大庸.西北地区水资源合理配置与承载能力研究[M]. 郑州:黄河水利出版社,2003:1-242.[Wang Hao,Chen Minjian,Qin Dayong.The Study on Water Resources Allocation and Carrying Capacity in NWT [M].Zhengzhou:Yellow River Conservancy Press,2003:1-242.]

[15] 康尔泗,陈仁升,张智慧,等.内陆河流域水文过程研究的一些科学问题[J].地球科学进展,2007,22(9):940-953.[Kang Ersi,Chen Rensheng,Zhang Zhihui,et al.Some scientific problems facing research on hydrological processes in an Inland River Basin[J].Advances in Earth Sciences,2007,22(9):940-953.]

[16] 康尔泗,程国栋,董增川.中国西北干旱区冰雪水资源与出山径流[M].北京:科学出版社,2002:1-304.[Kang Ersi,Cheng Guodong,Dong Zengchuan.Water Resources of Ice and Snow and Alpine Streamflow in Arid Regions of Northwest China[M].Beijing:Science Press,2002:1-304.]

[17] Verstraeten W,Veroustraete F,Feyen J.Assessment of evapotranspiration and soil moisture content across different scales of observation[J].Sensors,2008,8(1):70-117.

[18] Herwitz S R,Levia J D F,Ewe S M L.Transpiration rates of the understory annual Impatiens capensis(Balsaminaceae)in response to the autumnal changes in canopy leaf area[J].Flora-Morphology,Distribution,Functional Ecology of Plants,2004,199(6):524-530.

[19] 张志山,谭会娟,周海燕,等.用气孔计测定沙漠人工植物的蒸腾[J].草业学报,2006,15(4):129-135.[ Zhang Zhishan,Tan Huijuan,Zhou Haiyan,et al.Porometer measurement of artificial plant transpiration in a desert area[J].Acta Prataculturae Sinica,2006,15(4):129-135.]

[20] Ramirez D A,Valladares F,Blasco A,et al.Effects of tussock size and soil water content on whole plant gas exchange in Stipa tenacissima L:Extrapolating from the leaf versus modelling crown architecture[J].Environmental and Experimental Botany,2008,62(3):376-388

[21] Kon H,Matsuoka N.Estimation of transpiration from a single maize plant using a dry artificial leaf [J].Journal of Agricultural Meteorology,2008,64(3):101-109.

[22] 张卫强,贺康宁,邓军涛,等.稳态气孔计法和整株称重法测定蒸腾速率的比较研究[J].水土保持研究,2007,14(6):192-194.[Zhang Weiqiang,He Kangning,Deng Juntao,et al.Comparison on the transpiration values measured with portable steady porometer method and whole-tree weighing method[J].Research of Soil and Water Conservation,2007,14(6):192-194.]

[23] 巨关升,刘奉觉,郑世锴,等.稳态气孔计与其它3种方法蒸腾测值的比较研究[J].林业科学研究,2000,13(4):360-365.[Ju Guansheng,Liu Fengjue,Zheng Shikai,et al.A comparison on the transpiration values measured with steady state porometer and other three methods[J].Forest Research,2000,13(4):360-365.]

[24] Granier A,Bobay V,Gash J H C,et al.Vapour flux density and transpiration rate comparisons in a stand of Maritime pine(Pinus pinaster Ait.) in Les landes forest[J].Agricultural and Forest Meteorology,1990,51(3/4):309-319.

[25] Alarcón J J,Domingo R,Green S R,et al.Sap flow as an indicator of transpiration and the water status of young apricot trees[J].Plant and Soil,2000,227(1):77-85.

[26] Wullschleger S D,Norby R J.Sap velocity and canopy transpiration in a sweetgum stand exposed to free-air CO₂ enrichment (FACE)[J].New Phytologist,2001,150(2):489-498.

[27] Cermak J,Nadezhdina N.Sapwood as the scaling parameter-defining according to xylem water content or radial pattern of sap flow?[J].Annales of Forest Science,1998,55(5):509-521.

[28] Xia G,Kang S,Li F,et al.Diurnal and seasonal variations of sap flow of Caragana korshinskii in the arid desert region of north-west China[J].Hydrological Processes,2008,22(8):1 197-1 205.

[29] Silva R M,Paco T A,Ferreira M I,et al.Transpiration of a kiwifruit orchard estimated using the granier sap fiow method calibrated under field conditions[J].ISHS Acta Horticulturae,2008,792:593-600.

[30] Hultine K,Sperry J S,West A G,et al.Transpiration and hydraulic strategies in a pi[AKn~D] on-juniper woodland[J].Ecological Applications,2008,18(4):911-927.

[31] Chang X,Zhao W,Zhang Z,et al.Sap flow and tree conductance of shelter-belt in arid region of China[J].Agricultural and Forest Meteorology,2006,138(1~4):132-141.

[32] Meiresonne L,Nadezhdin N,Cermak J,et al.Measured sap flow and simulated transpiration from a poplar stand in Flanders (Belgium)[J].Agricultural and Forest Meteorology,1999,96(4):165-179.

[33] Zhao W,Chang X,Zhang Z.Transpiration of a Linze jujube orchard in an arid region of China[J].Hydrological Processes,2009,23(10):1 461-1 470.

[34] Liu H-J,Cohen S,Tanny J,et al.Transpiration estimation of banana(Musa sp.)plants with the thermal dissipation method[J].Plant and Soil,2008,308(1):227-238.

[35] Nicolas E,Torrecillas A,Ortu[AKn~D] o M F,et al.Evaluation of transpiration in adult apricot trees from sap flow measurements[J].Agricultural Water Management,2005,72(2):131-145.

[36] Edwards W R N,Warwick N W M.Transpiration from a kiwifruit vine as estimated by the heat-pulse technique and the Penman-Monteith equation[J].New Zealand Journal of Agriculture,1984,27:537-543.

[37] Tarara J M,Ferguson J C.Device for simulating high rates of sap flow in grapevines[J].American Journal of Enology and Viticulture,2001,52(3):260-265.

[38] Ford C R,Hubbard R M,Kloeppel B D,et al.A comparison of sap flux-based evapotranspiration estimates with catchment-scale water balance[J].Agricultural and Forest Meteorology,2007,145(3/4):176-185.

[39] Zhang H,Simmonds L P,Morison J I,et al.Estimation of transpiration by single trees:comparison of sap flow measurements with a combination equation[J].Agricultural and Forest Meteorology,1997,87(2/3):155-169.

[40] Yunusa I,Nuberg I,Fuentes S,et al.A simple field validation of daily transpiration derived from sapflow using a porometer and minimal meteorological data[J].Plant and Soil,2008,305(1):15-24.

[41] 刘奉觉,郑世锴,巨关升,等.树木蒸腾耗水测算技术的比较研究[J].林业科学,1997,33(2):117-126.[Liu Fengjue,Zheng Shikai,Ju Guansheng,et al.A study on comparison of measuring water-consumption for transpiration in poplar[J].Scientia Silvae Sinicae,1997,33(2):117-126.]

[42] Rana G,Katerji N.Measurement and estimation of actual evapotranspiration in the field under Mediterranean climate:A review[J].European Journal of Agronomy,2000,13(2~3):125-153.

[43] Benli B,Kodal S,Ilbeyi A,et al.Determination of evapotranspiration and basal crop coefficient of alfalfa with a weighing lysimeter[J].Agricultural Water Management,2006,81(3):358-370.

[44] Zhang Z S,Liu L C,Li X R,et al.Evaporation properties of a revegetated area of the Tengger Desert,North China[J].Journal of Arid Environments,2008,72(6):964-973.

[45] Montoro A,López Urrea R,Ma[AKn~D] as F,et al.Evapotranspiration of grapevines measured by a weighing lysimeter in lamancha,Spain[J].ISHS Acta Horticulturae ,2008,792:459-466.

[46] Katerji N,Rana G.Modelling evapotranspiration of six irrigated crops under Mediterranean climate conditions[J].Agricultural and Forest Meteorology,2006,138(1~4):142-155.

[47] Timlin D,Fleisher D,Kim S H,et al.Evapotranspiration measurement in controlled environment chambers :A comparison between time domain reflectometry and accumulation of condensate from cooling coils[J].Agronomy Journal,2007,99(1):166-173.

[48] Stannard D I,Weltz M A.Partitioning evapotranspiration in sparsely vegetated rangeland using a portable chamber[J].Water Resources Research,2006,42(2):1-13.

[49] Nobuhiro T,Shimizu A,Kabeya N,et al.Year-Round Observation of Evapotranspiration in an Evergreen Broadleaf Forest in Cambodia[C] // Sawada H,Araki M,Chappell N A,et al.Forest Environments in the Mekong River Basin.Japan:Springer Link,2007:75-86.

[50] Peacock C E,Hess T M.Estimating evapotranspiration from a reed bed using the Bowen ratio energy balance method[J].Hydrological Processes,2004,18(2):247-260.

[51] Zhang Y,Liu C,Shen Y,et al.Measurement of evapotranspiration in a winter wheat field[J].Hydrological Processes,2002,16(14):2 805-2 817.

[52] Xing Z,Chow L,Meng F R,et al.Testing reference evapotranspiration estimation methods using evaporation pan and modeling in maritime region of Canada[J].Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering,2008,134(4):417-424.

[53] Zhao W,Liu B,Zhang Z.Water requirements of maize in the middle Heihe River basin,China[J].Agricultural Water Management,2010,97(2):215-223.

[54] Zeggaf A T,Takeuchi S,Dehghanisanij H,et al.A bowen ratio technique for partitioning energy fluxes between maize transpiration and soil surface evaporation[J].Agronomy Journal,2008,100(4):988-996.

[55] Sun G,Noormets A,Chen J,et al.Evapotranspiration estimates from eddy covariance towers and hydrologic modeling in managed forests in Northern Wisconsin,USA[J].Agricultural and Forest Meteorology,2008,148:257-267.

[56] Brunel J P,Ihab J,Droubi A M,et al.Energy budget and actual evapotranspiration of an arid oasis ecosystem:Palmyra (Syria)[J].Agricultural Water Management,2006,84(3):213-220.

[57] Baldocchi D,Falge E,Wilson K.A spectral analysis of biosphere-atmosphere trace gas flux densities and meteorological variables across hour to multi-year time scales[J].Agricultural and Forest Meteorology,2001,107(1):1-27.

[58] Baldocchi D,Meyers T.On using eco-physiological,micrometeorological and biogeochemical theory to evaluate carbon dioxide,water vapor and trace gas fluxes over vegetation:A perspective[J].Agricultural and Forest Meteorology,1998,90(1/2):1-25.

[59] Braun P,Maurer B,Heinemann G.Scaling transpiration in apple orchards-meteorological versus plant based physiological measurements[J].Acta Horticulturae,2000,537:45-51.

[60] Wilson K B,Hanson P J,Mulholland P J,et al.A comparison of methods for determining forest evapotranspiration and its components:Sap-flow,soil water budget,eddy covariance and catchment water balance[J].Agricultural and Forest Meteorology,2001,106(2):153-168.

[61] Meijninger W M L,Bruin H A R.The sensible heat fluxes over irrigated areas in western Turkey determined with a large aperture scintillometer[J].Journal of Hydrology,2000,229(1/2):42-49.

[62] Chehbouni A,Watts C,Lagouarde J P,et al.Estimation of heat and momentum fluxes over complex terrain using a large aperture scintillometer[J].Agricultural and Forest Meteorology,2000,105(1/3):215-226.

[63] Ezzahar J,Chehbouni A,Hoedjes J C B,et al.The use of the scintillation technique for monitoring seasonal water consumption of olive orchards in a semi-arid region[J].Agricultural Water Management,2007,89(3):173-184.

[64] Hemakumara H M,Chandrapala L,Moene A F.Evapotranspiration fluxes over mixed vegetation areas measured from large aperture scintillometer[J].Agricultural Water Management,2003,58(2):109-122.

[65] Pauwels V R N,Timmermans W,Loew A.Comparison of the estimated water and energy budgets of a large winter wheat field during Agrisar 2006 by multiple sensors and models[J].Journal of Hydrology,2008,349(3/4):425-440.

[66] 戴东,邱淑会,张诚,等.大口径闪烁仪监测系统在黄河泾河流域的应用[J].水利水文自动化,2008(4):38-41.[Dai Dong,Qiu Shuhui,Zhang Cheng,et al.Application of monitoring system by LAS in Jing River Basin of the Yellow River[J].Automation in Water Resources and Hydrology,2008(4):38-41.]

[67] 胡丽琴,吴蓉璋,方宗义.大孔径闪烁仪及其在地表能量平衡监测中的应用[J].应用气象学报,2003,14(2):197-205.[Hu Liqin,Wu Rongzhang,Fang Zongyi.Large aperture scintillometer and its application to surface energy balance monitoring [J].Journal of Applied Meteorological Science,2003,14(2):197-205.]

[68] 李新,马明国,王建,等.黑河流域遥感-地面观测同步试验:科学目标与试验方案[J].地球科学进展,2008,23(9):897-914.[Li Xin,Ma Mingguo,Wang Jian,et al.Simultaneous remote sensing and ground-based experiment in the Heihe River Basin:Scientific objectives and experiment design[J].Advances in Earth Science,2008,23(9):897-914.]

[69] Min W,Chen Z,Sun L,et al.A scheme for pixel-scale aerodynamic surface temperature over hilly land[J].Advances in Atmospheric Sciences,2004,21(1):125-131.

[70] McCabe M F,Wood E F,Wójcik R,et al.Hydrological consistency using multi-sensor remote sensing data for water and energy cycle studies[J].Remote Sensing of Environment,2008,112(2):430-444.

[71] Simonneaux V,Duchemin B,Helson D,et al.The use of high-resolution image time series for crop classification and evapotranspiration estimate over an irrigated area in central Morocco[J].International Journal of Remote Sensing,2008,29(1):95-116.

[72] Nagler P L,Cleverly J,Glenn E,et al.Predicting riparian evapotranspiration from MODIS vegetation indices and meteorological data[J].Remote Sensing of Environment,2005,94(1):17-30.

[73] Melesse A M,Oberg J,Nangia V,et al.Spatiotemporal dynamics of evapotranspiration at the Glacial Ridge prairie restoration in northwestern Minnesota[J].Hydrological Processes,2006,20(7):1 451-1 464.

[74] Batra N,Islam S,Venturini V,et al.Estimation and comparison of evapotranspiration from MODIS and AVHRR sensors for clear sky days over the Southern Great Plains[J].Remote Sensing of Environment,2006,103(1):1-15.

[75] Isaac P R,Leuning R,Hacker J M,et al.Estimation of regional evapotranspiration by combining aircraftand ground-based measurements[J].Boundary-Layer Meteorology,2004,110(1):69-98.

[76] Glenn E P,Huete A R,Nagler P L,et al.Integrating remote sensing and ground methods to estimate evapotranspiration[J].Critical Reviews in Plant Sciences,2007,26(3):139-168.

[77] 杨永民,冯兆东,周剑.基于sebs模型的黑河流域蒸散发[J].兰州大学学报:自然科学版,2008,44(5):1-6.[Yang Yongmin,Feng Zhaodong,Zhou Jian.Evapotranspiration in Heihe River basin based on SEBS model [J].Journal of Lanzhou University:Natural Sciences,2008,44(5):1-6.]

[78] 赵文智,常学礼,何志斌,等.额济纳荒漠绿洲植被生态需水量研究[J].中国科学:D辑,2006,36(6):559-566.[Zhao Wenzhi,Chang Xueli,He Zhibin,et al.The study on ecological water demand of vegetation of desert oasis in Ejina[J].Science in China:Ser.D Earth Sciences,2006,36(6):559-566.]

[79] 赵文智,牛最荣,常学礼,等.基于净初级生产力的荒漠人工绿洲耗水研究[J].中国科学:D辑,2010,40(10):1 431-1 438.[Zhao Wenzhi,Niu Zuirong,Chang Xueli,et al.Water consumption in artificial desert oasis based on net primary productivity[J].Science in China:Ser.D Earth Sciences,2010,40(10):1 431-1 438.]

[80] Beyrich F, Mengelkamp H-T. Evaporation over a heterogeneous land surface:EVA_GRIPS and the LITFASS-2003 experiment-An overview[J].Boundary-Layer Meteorology,2006,121(1):5-32.

[81] Mengelkamp H T,Beyrich F,Heinemann G,et al.Evaporation over a heterogeneous land surface[J].Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society,2006,87(6):775-786.

[82] Tong L,Kang S,Zhang L.Temporal and spatial variations of evapotranspiration for spring wheat in the Shiyang river basin in northwest China[J].Agricultural Water Management,2007,87(3):241-250.

[83] Ji X B,Kang E S,Chen R S,et al.A mathematical model for simulating water balances in cropped sandy soil with conventional flood irrigation applied[J].Agricultural Water Management,2007,87(3):337-346.

[84] Chen Y,Hu J,Yu J.A flash flood forecast model for the Three Gorges basin using GIS and remote sensing data[C] // Tachikawa Y,Vieux B E,Georgakakos K P,et al.Weather Radar Information and Distributed Hydrological Modelling,Wallingford.Royaume-UNI:International Association of Hydrological Sciences,2003:282-287.

[85] Mo X,Liu S,Lin Z,et al.Simulating temporal and spatial variation of evapotranspiration over the Lushi basin[J].Journal of Hydrology,2004,285(1/4):125-142.

[86] Zeppel M J B,Macinnis-Ng C M O,Yunusa I A M,et al.Long term trends of stand transpiration in a remnant forest during wet and dry years[J].Journal of Hydrology,2008,349(1/2):200-213.

[87] Engel V C,Stieglitz M,Williams M,et al.Forest canopy hydraulic properties and catchment water balance:Observations and modeling[J].Ecological Modelling,2002,154(3):263-288.

[88] Glenn P E,Morino K.Scaling sap flux measurements of grazed and ungrazed shrub communities with fine and coarse-resolution remote sensing[J].Ecohydrology,2008,1(4):316-329.

[89] Nagler P,Jetton A,Fleming J,et al.Evapotranspiration in a cottonwood (Populus fremontii) restoration plantation estimated by sap flow and remote sensing methods[J].Agricultural and Forest Meteorology,2007,144(1/2):95-110.

[90] Li S B,Zhao W Z.Satellite-based actual evapotranspiration estimation in the middle reach of the Heihe River Basin using the SABLE method[J].Hydrological Process,2010,24(23):3 337-3 344.