基于生态资产的湟水流域生态保护效益评估

doi:10.13866/j.azr.2023.09.15

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

生态资产是能够为人类带来效益和提供服务的生态系统，评估生态资产变化可以从客观上了解生态保护效果。地处青藏高原与黄土高原过渡区的湟水流域生态环境脆弱敏感，人类活动强度大，是21世纪以来生态保护政策与工程实施的重点区域。本文通过核算湟水流域生态资产的存量与流量，全面分析流域生态资产特征及其变化，以探究生态保护效益。结果表明：（1） 2020年湟水流域生态资产综合指数为30.98，高于青海省平均水平，生态资产流量价值为1.07×10¹¹元；2000—2020年生态资产质量整体提升，流量价值增益343.11%。（2）社会经济因素对生态资产增益影响力大。（3）流域内生态资产稳步提升，生态保护修复已取得一定成效，但生态资产空间分异显著，局地生态保护压力依然很大。该研究对掌握湟水流域生态状况、指导生态资产保护具有重要意义。

关键词: 生态资产, 生态资产损益, 生态保护效益, 湟水流域

Abstract:

Ecological assets refer to ecological systems that provide benefits and services to human beings. Assessing changes in ecological assets can objectively reveal the effectiveness of ecological protection efforts. Situated in the transition area between the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and the Loess Plateau, the Huangshui River Basin has a fragile and sensitive ecological environment. It also has the highest population density and socioeconomic intensity in the region, making it the key area for implementing ecological protection policies and projects. By calculating the stock and discharge of ecological assets in the Huangshui River Basin, we comprehensively analyze the spatiotemporal dynamic changes in ecological assets in the watershed, investigate the driving factors behind the gains and losses in ecological assets using the geographical detectors model, and explore the ecological protection benefits in combination with different ecological protection measures. The results are as follows: (1) The comprehensive index of ecological assets in the Huangshui River Basin in 2020 was 30.98, showing a distribution pattern of low ecological assets in the southeast plain and high ecological assets in the northwest mountains. From 2000 to 2020, the comprehensive index of ecological assets increased by 6.71%, indicating an overall improvement in the quality of ecological assets. (2) In 2020, the ecological asset flow value of the Huangshui River Basin was approximately 107.374 billion yuan, with the regulation service value accounting for 69.50%. Over the past 20 years, ecological assets have increased by 83.116 billion yuan, of which 57.123 billion yuan was attributed to regulating services. The regulation of grassland ecological resources primarily contributed to the flow value, which is also influenced by the stock quality of ecological assets. (3) There was a notable spatial difference in the driving influence of ecological asset profit and loss in the Huangshui River Basin. Socioeconomic factors (average contribution of 12.95%) impacted ecological asset profit and loss more than natural factors (average contribution of 10.54%). (4) Ecological assets in the Huangshui River Basin have shown steady improvement, and considerable success has been achieved in ecological protection and restoration. However, the region faces challenges due to the imbalance between natural background restrictions and economic development, leading to significant spatial differentiation in ecological assets and continued pressure on local ecological protection. This study is of great significance for understanding the ecological status of the Huangshui River Basin and guiding the protection of its ecological assets. Overall, the ecological assets of the Huangshui River Basin have improved steadily.

Key words: ecological assets, profit and loss of ecological assets, ecological protection benefits, Huangshui River Basin

孙冰清,杜加强,毛佳琳,张静,盛芝露,张杨成思. 基于生态资产的湟水流域生态保护效益评估[J]. 干旱区研究, 2023, 40(9): 1517-1526.

SUN Bingqing,DU Jiaqiang,MAO Jialin,ZHANG Jing,SHENG Zhilu,ZHANG Yangchengsi. Assessment of ecological protection benefits in the Huangshui River Basin based on ecological assets[J]. Arid Zone Research, 2023, 40(9): 1517-1526.

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生态资产	评价指标	质量等级
生态资产	评价指标	优	良	中	差	劣
森林	相对生物量密度	≥80%	60%~80%	40%~60%	20%~40%	<20%
河流	水质	Ⅰ类	Ⅱ类	Ⅲ类	Ⅳ类	Ⅴ类、劣Ⅴ类
农田	坡度	<2°	2°~6°	6°~15°	15°~25°	≥25°
其他	覆盖度	≥80%	60%~80%	40%~60%	20%~40%	<20%

类型	年份	供给服务			调节服务				支持服务			文化服务
		食物	原料	水资源	气体	气候	净化	水文	土壤	维持养	生物	美学
		生产	生产	供给	调节	调节	环境	调节	保持	分循环	多样性	景观
农田	2000	0.49	0.23	0.01	0.38	0.21	0.06	0.12	0.32	0.07	0.07	0.03
	2010	0.40	0.19	0.01	0.32	0.17	0.05	0.15	0.56	0.06	0.06	0.03
	2020	0.45	0.21	0.01	0.36	0.19	0.05	0.17	0.82	0.06	0.07	0.03
森林	2000	0.08	0.18	0.10	0.59	1.75	0.51	1.22	0.26	0.06	0.65	0.28
	2010	0.09	0.21	0.12	0.69	2.06	0.60	1.51	0.48	0.06	0.76	0.33
	2020	0.09	0.22	0.14	0.73	2.18	0.64	1.67	0.66	0.07	0.81	0.35
灌丛	2000	0.09	0.19	0.09	0.64	1.91	0.58	1.38	0.06	0.06	0.71	0.31
	2010	0.10	0.23	0.11	0.75	2.26	0.68	1.72	0.14	0.07	0.84	0.37
	2020	0.11	0.24	0.13	0.80	2.41	0.73	1.99	0.16	0.07	0.89	0.39
草地	2000	0.05	0.08	0.09	0.28	0.73	0.24	1.06	0.33	0.03	0.31	0.14
	2010	0.05	0.07	0.11	0.27	0.71	0.23	1.37	0.58	0.03	0.29	0.13
	2020	0.06	0.08	0.13	0.29	0.75	0.25	1.53	0.80	0.03	0.31	0.14
湿地	2000	0.33	0.32	1.39	1.21	2.30	2.30	13.00	0.15	0.11	5.02	3.02
	2010	0.22	0.21	1.84	0.81	1.53	1.53	17.21	0.18	0.08	3.35	2.01
	2020	0.27	0.26	1.95	1.00	1.90	1.90	18.28	0.50	0.09	4.14	2.49
裸地	2000	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.01	0.00	0.07	0.04	0.00	0.00	0.01	0.01
	2010	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.02	0.00	0.09	0.05	0.01	0.00	0.02	0.01
	2020	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.01	0.00	0.06	0.05	0.01	0.00	0.01	0.01
河流	2000	0.82	0.23	30.06	0.79	2.34	5.66	70.71	35.42	0.07	2.60	1.93
	2010	0.72	0.21	40.52	0.69	2.05	4.98	89.69	49.88	0.06	2.29	1.69
	202	0.77	0.22	45.42	0.74	2.21	5.36	90.12	64.18	0.07	2.46	1.82
冰川积雪	2000	0.00	0.00	1.62	0.09	0.27	0.08	5.35	0.00	0.00	0.01	0.05
	2010	0.00	0.00	2.36	0.12	0.35	0.10	7.80	0.00	0.00	0.01	0.06
	2020	0.00	0.00	2.89	0.16	0.47	0.14	9.54	0.00	0.00	0.01	0.08

区县	农业开发/km²	森林恢复/km²	草地恢复/km²	河流湿地恢复/km²	灌丛恢复/km²	单位面积价值量变化/(10⁴元·km^-2)
城东区	6.87	0.33	19.46	0.02	0.52	103.35
城中区	2.83	0.14	44.19	0.04	0.65	98.13
城西区	2.88	0.20	15.67	0.01	0.37	103.69
城北区	4.53	0.06	45.24	0.04	1.02	90.59
大通县	58.05	78.24	400.02	0.36	3.04	86.99
湟中区	51.87	55.69	537.44	0.48	0.30	85.96
湟源县	14.08	19.97	126.34	0.11	0.04	94.68
乐都区	69.43	73.55	150.22	0.14	0.68	87.33
平安区	13.02	27.57	90.80	0.08	0.27	88.78
民和县	93.96	48.00	138.72	0.12	4.74	75.57
互助县	64.16	66.77	470.31	0.42	0.39	78.68
门源县	44.06	102.91	282.18	0.25	3.01	100.26
祁连县	0.12	3.67	74.35	0.07	2.50	107.33
海晏县	22.48	2.12	47.40	0.04	2.15	99.88
刚察县	0.00	0.24	28.01	0.03	0.08	104.82
天峻县	0.00	0.00	28.32	0.03	0.00	102.42