槲皮素和山奈酚对盐胁迫下白麻种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响

doi:10.13866/j.azr.2025.08.06

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 为筛选出促进盐胁迫下白麻（Apocynum pictum）种子萌发和幼苗生长的最佳外源物质及其处理浓度。本试验以白麻种子为材料，研究不同浓度的山奈酚（Kaempferol，KAE）和槲皮素（Quercetin，QR）浸种对盐胁迫下白麻种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响。结果表明：两种浸种剂均能有效缓解白麻受到的盐胁迫，促进种子萌发、幼苗生长，提高抗氧化酶活性。KAE、QR缓解盐胁迫的最佳浓度分别是400 μmol·L^-1、200 μmol·L^-1。其中，种子萌发期间，200 μmol·L^-1浓度的QR和100 μmol·L^-1 浓度的KAE对促进种子萌发效果最佳。幼苗生长期间，200 μmol·L^-1浓度的KAE对促进幼苗胚根伸长鲜重增加和光合色素含量升高效果最佳。利用隶属函数综合评价得出，200 μmol·L^-1浓度的QR或400 μmol·L^-1浓度的KAE浸种12 h是盐胁迫下促进白麻种子萌发和幼苗生长的最佳处理方法。

关键词: 白麻, 盐胁迫, 槲皮素, 山奈酚, 浸种

Abstract:

This study examined the effects of soaking Apocynum pictum Schrenk seeds in different concentrations of kaempferol (KAE) and quercetin (QR) on seed germination and seedling growth under salt stress. The experimental results demonstrated that both treatments effectively alleviated salt stress in A. pictum, significantly promoting seed germination and seedling growth while enhancing antioxidant enzyme activities. The optimal concentration for salt stress mitigation was 400 μmol·L⁻¹ for KAE and 200 μmol·L⁻¹ for QR. Notably, 200 μmol·L⁻¹ QR and 100 μmol·L⁻¹ KAE maximally stimulated seed germination, whereas 200 μmol·L⁻¹ KAE displayed superior performance in promoting radicle elongation, stimulating fresh weight accumulation, and enhancing, and photosynthetic pigment content in seedlings. Through comprehensive evaluation using membership function analysis, treatment of A. pictum seeds with 200 μmol·L⁻¹ QR or 400 μmol·L⁻¹ KAE for 12 h was identified as the most effective protocol for improving both seed germination and seedling growth parameters under salt stress.

Key words: Apocynum pictum, salt stress, quercetin, kaempferol, seed soaking

季雨辰, 赵雪情, 赵冰, 姜黎. 槲皮素和山奈酚对盐胁迫下白麻种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响[J]. 干旱区研究, 2025, 42(8): 1415-1425.

JI Yuchen, ZHAO Xueqing, ZHAO Bing, JIANG Li. Effects of quercetin and kaempferol on seed germination and seedling growth in Apocynum pictum Schrenk under salt stress[J]. Arid Zone Research, 2025, 42(8): 1415-1425.

图/表 8

表1

图1

图2

图3

图4

图5

表2

表3

参考文献 44

[1]	王珊, 李静, 吴玉洁, 等. 盐胁迫对罗布麻生长和生理的影响[J]. 草业科学, 2022, 39(9): 1832-1841.
	[Wang Shan, Li Jing, Wu Yujie, et al. Effects of salt stress on the growth and physiology of Apocynum venetum[J]. Pratacultural Science, 2022, 39(9): 1832-1841.]
[2]	王康君, 樊继伟, 陈凤, 等. 植物对盐胁迫的响应及耐盐调控的研究进展[J]. 江西农业学报, 2018, 30(12): 31-40.
	[Wang Kangjun, Fan Jiwei, Chen Feng, et al. Research advances in response of plants to salt stress and regulation of salinity tolerance[J]. Acta Agriculturae Jiangxi, 2018, 30(12): 31-40.]
[3]	徐宗昌, 周金辉, 张成省, 等. 我国罗布麻种质资源研究利用现状[J]. 植物学报, 2018, 53(3): 382-390. doi: 10.11983/CBB18028
	[Xu Zongchang, Zhou Jinhui, Zhang Chengxing, et al. Review of current research and utilization status of Apocynum venetum germplasm in China[J]. Chinese Bulletin of Botany, 2018, 53(3): 382-390.]
[4]	Zhang K H, Tang J R, Wang Y, et al. The tolerance to saline-alkaline stress was dependent on the roots in wheat[J]. Physiology and Molecular Biology of Plants, 2020, 26(5): 947-954. doi: 10.1007/s12298-020-00799-x pmid: 32377044
[5]	任辉丽, 曹君迈, 陈彦云, 等. 罗布麻的研究现状及其开发利用[J]. 北方园艺, 2008, 32(7): 87-90.
	[Ren Huili, Cao Junmai, Chen Yanyun, et al. Current research state and exploitation of Apocynum venetum L.[J]. Northern Horticulture, 2008, 32(7): 87-90.]
[6]	欧文静, 朱爱国, 喻春明, 等. 盐胁迫对罗布白麻种子萌发的影响[J]. 中国麻业科学, 2020, 40(5): 208-212.
	[Ou Wenjing, Zhu Aiguo, Yu Chunming, et al. Effects of different salt stress on seed germination of Apocynum hendersonii (Hook. f.) Woodson[J]. Plant Fiber Sciences in China, 2020, 40(5): 208-212.]
[7]	马浩, 吴倩, 隗亚军, 等. 种植密度对不同生育时期罗布白麻生长与叶片饲用品质的影响[J]. 中国麻业科学, 2024, 46(4): 229-236.
	[Ma Hao, Wu Qian, Wei Yajun, et al. Effect of planting density on growth and leaf feeding quality of Apocynum hendersonii at different growth stages[J]. Plant Fiber Sciences in China, 2024, 46(4): 229-236.]
[8]	尚远宏, 田金凤. 大叶白麻的有效成分及其降压作用[J]. 广州化工, 2020, 48(20): 4-5,9.
	[Shang Yuanhong, Tian Jinfeng. Active ingredients of Poacynum hendersonii (Hook. f.) Woodson and its antihypertensive effect[J]. Guangzhou Chemical Industry, 2020, 48(20): 4-5, 9.]
[9]	袁嘉苗, 李陈建, 曾怡, 等. 19份无芒雀麦种质萌发期的耐盐性评价[J]. 草地学报, 2025, 33(2): 524-534. doi: 10.11733/j.issn.1007-0435.2025.02.022
	[Yuan Jiamiao, Li Chenjian, Zeng Yi, et al. Evaluation of salt tolerance of 19 germplasm of Bromus inermis at germination stage[J]. Acta Agrestia Sinica, 2025, 33(2): 524-534.] doi: 10.11733/j.issn.1007-0435.2025.02.022
[10]	石秋梅, 邓翻云, 吴敏言, 等. 罗布麻和大叶白麻种子萌发及幼苗生长耐盐性研究[J]. 北方园艺, 2014, 37(12): 128-133.
	[Shi Qiumei, Deng Fanyun, Wu Minyan, et al. Study on salt tolerance of Apocynum venetum Linn. and Poacynum hendersonii (Hook. f. ) Woodson at stages of seed germination and seedlings growth[J]. Northern Horticulture, 2014, 37(12): 128-133.]
[11]	秦莉, 马庆, 路小铎, 等. 玉米萌发期耐盐性全基因组关联分析与耐盐候选基因鉴定[J]. 玉米科学, 2025, 33(2): 21-27.
	[Qin Li, Ma Qing, Lu Xiaoduo, et al. Genome-wide association analysis and identification of salt-tolerant candidate genes in maize during germination[J]. Journal of Maize Sciences, 2025, 33(2): 21-27.]
[12]	苏文欣, 许凌欣, 姜宛彤, 等. 不同外源物质对盐碱胁迫下紫苏种子萌发、幼苗生长及生理的影响[J]. 草地学报, 2022, 30(9): 2415-2422. doi: 10.11733/j.issn.1007-0435.2022.09.022
	[Su Wenxin, Xu Lingxin, Jiang Wantong, et al. Effects of different exogenous substances on seed germination and seedling growth and physiology of Perilla frutescens under saline alkali stress[J]. Acta Agrestia Sinica, 2022, 30(9): 2415-2422.] doi: 10.11733/j.issn.1007-0435.2022.09.022
[13]	张斌. 大豆转录因子GmMYC2L参与植物耐盐性调控[J]. 江苏农业学报, 2024, 40(7): 1182-1190.
	[Zhang Bin. Soybean transcription factor GmMYC2L is involved in the regulation of plant salt tolerance[J]. Jiangsu Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 2024, 40(7): 1182-1190.]
[14]	Parvin K, Hasanuzzaman M, Borhannuddin Bhuyan M H M, et al. Quercetin mediated salt tolerance in tomato through the enhancement of plant antioxidant defense and glyoxalase systems[J]. Plants, 2019, 8: 247. doi: 10.3390/plants8080247
[15]	Marta J, Dagmara M, Tomasz P, et al. Assessment of the impact of the application of a quercetin-copper complex on the course of physiological and biochemical processes in wheat plants (Triticum aestivum L.) growing under saline conditions[J]. Cells, 2022, 11(7): 1141. doi: 10.3390/cells11071141
[16]	先梦麟, 耿娜娜, 邓琳, 等. 山奈酚调控细胞衰老治疗类风湿性关节炎的体外研究[J]. 陆军军医大学学报, 2023, 45(12): 1281-1291.
	[Xian Menglin, Geng Nana, Deng Lin, et al. Kaempferol exerts therapeutic effect on rheumatoid arthritis by regulating cell senescence: A study based on network pharmacology and in vitro experiments[J]. Journal of Army Medical University, 2023, 45(12): 1281-1291.]
[17]	Su W N, Qiu J Q, Walid S, et al. Synergistic effects of melatonin and glycine betaine on seed germination, seedling growth, and biochemical attributes of maize under salinity stress[J]. Physiologia Plantarum, 2024, 176(5): 1-15.
[18]	Li X, Li J J, Su H Y, et al. Physiological and transcriptional responses of Apocynum venetum to salt stress at the seed germination stage[J]. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 2023, 24: 3623. doi: 10.3390/ijms24043623
[19]	Chen C H, Wang C C, Chen F Y, et al. Transcriptomic profiling reveals key genes of halophyte Apocyni Veneti Folium (Apocynum venetum L.) and regulatory mechanism of salt tolerance[J]. Journal of Plant Growth Regulation, 2023, 42: 6565-6584. doi: 10.1007/s00344-023-10908-1
[20]	Li L L, Wang J Y, Qian C, et al. Physiological and molecular responses of Apocynum venetum L. (Apocynaceae) on salt stress[J]. Horticulturae, 2023, 9: 1010. doi: 10.3390/horticulturae9091010
[21]	李合生. 植物生理生化实验原理和技术[M]. 北京: 高等教育出版社, 2000.
	[Li Hesheng. Experimental Principle and Techniques of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry[M]. Beijing: Higher Education Press, 2000.]
[22]	邹琦. 植物生理学实验指导[M]. 北京: 中国农业出版社, 2000.
	[Zou Qi. Instructional on Plant Physiology[M]. Beijing: China Agriculture Press, 2000.]
[23]	陈红, 许凌欣, 王梦琦, 等. 外源赤霉素和褪黑素对三种胁迫下白三叶种子萌发、幼苗生长及生理的影响[J]. 草地学报, 2024, 32(3): 781-792. doi: 10.11733/j.issn.1007-0435.2024.03.014
	[Chen Hong, Xu Lingxin, Wang Mengqi, et al. Effects of exogenous gibberellin and melatonin on seed germination, seedling growth and physiology of Trifolium repens under three stresses[J]. Acta Agrestia Sinica, 2024, 32(3): 781-792.]
[24]	黄洁琼, 翟佳兴, 王颖, 等. 褪黑素对干旱胁迫下紫花苜蓿种子萌发及幼苗生理特性的影响[J]. 草地学报, 2024, 32(8): 2575-2583. doi: 10.11733/j.issn.1007-0435.2024.08.025
	[Huang Jieqiong, Zhai Jiaxing, Wang Ying, et al. Effect of melatonin on seed germination and physiological characteristics of alfalfa seedlings under drought dress[J]. Acta Agrestia Sinica, 2024, 32(8): 2575-2583.] doi: 10.11733/j.issn.1007-0435.2024.08.025
[25]	郑学平, 任辉丽. Na₂CO₃、MgSO₄对罗布麻种子萌发及幼苗生长的影响[J]. 北方园艺, 2009, 33(1): 14-16.
	[Zheng Xueping, Ren Huili. Effect of Na₂CO₃, MgSO₄ on germination and growth of Apocynum venetum L. seeds[J]. Northern Horticulture, 2009, 33(1): 14-16.]
[26]	李尹琳, 陈奕霖, 夏方山, 等. 盐胁迫对白羊草幼苗线粒体抗氧化性能的影响[J]. 草地学报, 2024, 32(8): 2498-2504. doi: 10.11733/j.issn.1007-0435.2024.08.016
	[Li Yinlin, Chen Yilin, Xia Fangshan, et al. Effects of salt stress on mitochondrial antioxidant resistance of Bothriochloa ischaemum seedlings[J]. Acta Agrestia Sinica, 2024, 32(8): 2498-2504.] doi: 10.11733/j.issn.1007-0435.2024.08.016
[27]	李亚莉, 马瑞, 马彦军, 等. 盐旱胁迫对盐爪爪种子萌发及幼苗生长的影响[J]. 草地学报, 2023, 31(12): 3715-3723. doi: 10.11733/j.issn.1007-0435.2023.12.016
	[Li Yali, Ma Rui, Ma Yanjun, et al. Effects of salt and drought stresses on seeds germination and seedlings growth of Kalidium foliatum[J]. Acta Agrestia Sinica, 2023, 31(12): 3715-3723.] doi: 10.11733/j.issn.1007-0435.2023.12.016
[28]	于婵, 张依琳, 李秋莹, 等. 盐碱胁迫对牛至种子萌发和幼苗生理生化特性的影响[J]. 草地学报, 2024, 32(6): 1882-1892. doi: 10.11733/j.issn.1007-0435.2024.06.024
	[Yu Chan, Zhang Yilin, Li Qiuying, et al. Effects of saline-alkali stresses on seed germination and seedling physiological and biochemical characteristics of Origanum vulgare[J]. Acta Agrestia Sinica, 2024, 32(6): 1882-1892.] doi: 10.11733/j.issn.1007-0435.2024.06.024
[29]	朱琨, 刘骅峻, 冯成龙, 等. 盐胁迫对不同苜蓿品种种子萌发的耐盐性综合评价[J]. 草地学报, 2023, 31(12): 3724-3733. doi: 10.11733/j.issn.1007-0435.2023.12.017
	[Zhu Kun, Liu Huajun, Feng Chenglong, et al. Comprehensive evaluation on the salt tolerance of seed germination of different alfalfa varieties under salt stress[J]. Acta Agrestia Sinica, 2023, 31(12): 3724-3733.] doi: 10.11733/j.issn.1007-0435.2023.12.017
[30]	王菲, 谭怡, 吕亚茹, 等. 水杨酸和赤霉素预处理对NaCl胁迫下神香草种子萌发的影响[J]. 草地学报, 2021, 29(12): 2862-2870. doi: 10.11733/j.issn.1007-0435.2021.12.028
	[Wang Fei, Tan Yi, Lü Yaru, et al. Effects of salicylic acid and gibberellin pretreatment on seeds germination of Hyssopus officinalisunder NaCl stress[J]. Acta Agrestia Sinica, 2021, 29(12): 2862-2870.]
[31]	王晓龙, 闫利军. 盐胁迫对 3 种披碱草种子萌发的影响[J]. 草学, 2023, 44(6): 12-17.
	[Wang Xiaolong, Yan Lijun. Effects of salt stress on seed germination of three Elymus[J]. Journal of Grassland and Forage Science, 2023, 44( 6): 12-17.]
[32]	Yang J L, Zhang L X, Jiang L, et al. Quercetin alleviates seed germination and growth inhibition in Apocynum venetum and Apocynum pictum under mannitol-induced osmotic stress[J]. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, 2021, 159: 268-276. doi: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2020.12.025
[33]	何明芳. 喷施槲皮素对惠水县国储林下发展林下种植作物的影响分析[J]. 林业科技情报, 2024, 56(4): 33-35.
	[He Mingfang. Analysis of the influence of quercetin spraying on the development of crops under national reserve forest in Huishui County[J]. Forestry Science and Technology Information, 2024, 56(4): 33-35.]
[34]	林国冰, 李静, 钱晨, 等. 外源物质缓解油菜盐胁迫效应研究进展[J]. 江苏农业科学, 2024, 52(17): 1-10.
	[Lin Guobing, Li Jing, Qian Chen, et al. Research progress on mitigative effect of exogenous substances on salt stress in rapeseed[J]. Jiangsu Agricultural Sciences, 2024, 52(17): 1-10.]
[35]	张泽龙, 刘鑫, 南丽丽, 等. 外源SA对NaCl胁迫下红豆草生长和生理特性的影响[J]. 中国草地学报, 2024, 46(2): 92-100.
	[Zhang Zelong, Liu Xin, Nan Lili, et al. Effects of exogenous salicylic acid on sainfoin growth and physiological characteristics under sodium chloride stress[J]. Chinese Journal of Grassland, 2024, 46(2): 92-100.]
[36]	柳苗苗, 蔡伟建, 张斌斌, 等. 槲皮素对草莓生长发育、光合和生理生化特性影响的综合评价[J]. 江苏农业科学, 2022, 50(21): 165-172.
	[Liu Miaomiao, Cai Weijian, Zhang Binbin, et al. Comprehensive evaluation on effects of quercetin on growth, photosynthesis, physiological and biochemical characteristics of strawberry[J]. Jiangsu Agricultural Sciences, 2022, 50(21): 165-172.]
[37]	钱玥, 李思源, 饶良懿. 盐碱胁迫对菊芋渗透调节及抗氧化酶系统的影响[J]. 干旱区研究, 2023, 40(9): 1465-1471. doi: 10.13866/j.azr.2023.09.10
	[Qian Yue, Li Siyuan, Rao Liangyi. Effects of saline-alkali stress on organic osmoregulatory substances and antioxidant enzyme systems of Helianthus tuberosus[J]. Arid Zone Research, 2023, 40(9): 1465-1471.]
[38]	张玲雪, 李小锋, 屈军, 等. 水盐胁迫对四翅滨藜生理生长特性的影响[J]. 干旱区研究, 2024, 41(10): 1767-1777. doi: 10.13866/j.azr.2024.10.14
	[Zhang Lingxue, Li Xiaofeng, Qu Jun, et al. Effects of water and salt stress on the physiological growth characteristics of Atriplex canescens[J]. Arid Zone Research, 2024, 41(10): 1767-1777.] doi: 10.13866/j.azr.2024.10.14
[39]	苏立娜, 麻冬梅, 李嘉文, 等. 外源褪黑素对盐胁迫下两种紫花苜蓿生理及光合特性的影响[J]. 草地学报, 2023, 31(3): 726-732. doi: 10.11733/j.issn.1007-0435.2023.03.012
	[Su Lina, Ma Dongmei, Li Jiawen, et al. Implications of exogenous melatonin on the physiological and photosynthetic characteristics of the seedlings of two Alfalfa varieties[J]. Acta Agrestia Sinica, 2023, 31(3):726-732.] doi: 10.11733/j.issn.1007-0435.2023.03.012
[40]	Mehta P, Jajoo A, Mathur S, et al. Chlorophyll a fluorescence study revealing effects of high salt stress on Photosystem II in wheat leaves[J]. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, 2010, 48(1): 16-20. doi: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2009.10.006 pmid: 19932973
[41]	Janczak-Pieniazek M, Migut D, Piechowiak T, et al. The effect of exogenous application of quercetin derivative solutions on the course of physiological and biochemical processes in wheat seedlings[J]. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 2021, 22: 6882. doi: 10.3390/ijms22136882
[42]	Zhang H J, Zhang N, Yang R C, et al. Melatonin promotes seed germination under high salinity by regulating antioxidant systems, ABA and GA₄ interaction in cucutmber (Cucumis sativus L.)[J]. Journal of Pineal Research, 2014, 57(3): 269-279. doi: 10.1111/jpi.2014.57.issue-3
[43]	彭笑洁, 崔玉莹, 王浩, 等. 外源褪黑素对盐胁迫下萝卜幼苗生长的影响[J]. 中国瓜菜, 2024, 37(5): 157-162.
	[Peng Xiaojie, Cui Yuying, Wang Hao, et al. Effects of exogenous melatonin on growth of radish seedlings under salt stress[J]. China Cucurbits and Vegetables, 2024, 37(5): 157-162.]
[44]	郭爱华. 外源褪黑素对盐胁迫下苦菜幼苗生长的影响[J]. 江苏农业科学, 2022, 50(13): 153-157.
	[Guo Aihua. Influences of exogenous melatonin on seedling growth of Sonchus oleraceus L. under salt stress[J]. Jiangsu Agricultural Sciences, 2022, 50(13): 153-157.]

编号	胁迫溶液浓度	外源物质
CK	蒸馏水	蒸馏水
CKN	100 mmol·L^-1 NaCl	蒸馏水
K1	100 mmol·L^-1 NaCl	25 μmol·L^-1 KAE
K2	100 mmol·L^-1 NaCl	50 μmol·L^-1 KAE
K3	100 mmol·L^-1 NaCl	100 μmol·L^-1 KAE
K4	100 mmol·L^-1 NaCl	200 μmol·L^-1 KAE
K5	100 mmol·L^-1 NaCl	400 μmol·L^-1KAE
Q1	100 mmol·L^-1 NaCl	25 μmol·L^-1 QR
Q2	100 mmol·L^-1 NaCl	50 μmol·L^-1 QR
Q3	100 mmol·L^-1 NaCl	100 μmol·L^-1 QR
Q4	100 mmol·L^-1 NaCl	200 μmol·L^-1 QR
Q5	100 mmol·L^-1 NaCl	400 μmol·L^-1 QR

处理	叶绿素a/(mg·L^-1)	叶绿素b/(mg·L^-1)	类胡罗卜素/(mg·L^-1)
CK	3.71±0.09h	2.10±0.04ef	0.55±0.04f
CKN	2.71±0.02h	1.98±0.07e	0.39±0.02g
K1	5.94±0.20bc	2.94±0.16abcd	0.83±0.06bc
K2	5.58±0.18de	2.89±0.15bcd	0.71±0.03d
K3	6.18±0.11ab	2.72±0.06d	0.99±0.02a
K4	6.30±0.05a	3.11±0.06ab	0.87±0.02b
K5	5.89±0.13bc	2.96±0.06abc	0.79±0.02c
Q1	5.44±0.10e	3.11±0.05a	0.53±0.02f
Q2	4.48±0.07g	2.28±0.02e	0.64±0.02de
Q3	3.33±0.07i	1.99±0.06f	0.34±0.02g
Q4	5.09±0.12f	2.74±0.08cd	0.57±0.02ef
Q5	5.85±0.08cd	3.08±0.06ab	0.64±0.01de

外源物质	编号	隶属函数值										D值	排序
外源物质	编号	株高	根长	苗期鲜重	SOD	POD	CAT	MDA	超氧阴离子	可溶性蛋白	类胡萝卜素	D值	排序
蒸馏水、NaCl	CKN	0.324	0.000	0.567	0.000	0.595	0.239	0.693	0.144	0.376	0.088	0.247	10
山奈酚、NaCl	K1	0.000	0.036	0.345	0.031	1.000	0.000	0.069	0.236	0.000	0.554	0.228	11
	K2	0.536	0.337	0.783	0.167	0.619	0.438	0.343	0.338	0.483	0.414	0.458	6
	K3	0.213	0.533	0.000	0.376	0.657	0.000	0.750	1.000	0.310	0.675	0.456	7
	K4	0.692	1.000	1.000	0.417	0.000	0.694	0.143	0.179	1.000	0.567	0.534	4
	K5	0.652	0.592	0.592	1.000	0.759	0.183	0.095	0.278	0.073	0.468	0.616	2
槲皮素、NaCl	Q1	0.361	0.833	0.833	0.329	0.536	1.000	0.000	0.158	0.788	0.266	0.554	3
	Q2	0.907	0.500	0.500	0.446	0.634	0.143	0.286	0.164	0.256	0.308	0.459	5
	Q3	0.883	0.892	0.892	0.487	0.678	0.167	0.762	0.000	0.656	0.000	0.438	8
	Q4	1.000	0.833	0.833	0.411	0.886	0.744	0.638	0.267	0.848	0.244	0.657	1
	Q5	0.378	0.000	0.000	0.501	0.773	0.108	0.652	0.228	0.508	0.309	0.389	9