保护性耕作对黄土高原旱作麦田土壤氮矿化的影响

doi:10.13866/j.azr.2023.09.08

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

农田土壤氮矿化是陆地生态系统氮循环的重要过程，对维持土壤供氮能力及作物生长发育具有重要意义。陇中黄土高原半干旱区是我国西北部重要的粮食生产区，如何实现当地旱作农田氮素高效利用一直是研究热点，然而目前关于该地区不同耕作措施对旱作麦田土壤氮矿化的影响规律我们却知之甚少。为此本文以黄土高原旱作麦田为研究对象，于2021年春小麦生育期（3—8月）采用树脂芯原位培养法监测不同耕作措施[传统耕作（T）、免耕（NT）、传统耕作+秸秆覆盖（TS）、免耕+秸秆覆盖（NTS）]对土壤氮矿化的影响特征，通过分析不同耕作措施对土壤氮素含量和水热条件的影响规律，以此来探究耕作措施对土壤氮矿化过程的影响。结果表明：（1） T、NT、TS和NTS处理下土壤氮素在春小麦生育前期（播前-开花期）呈净氮固持状态、中后期（开花期-成熟期）呈净氮矿化状态。不同耕作措施下土壤净氮矿化速率差异显著（P<0.05），呈现为NTS>TS>NT>T。（2）相较T处理，3种保护性耕作在春小麦生育期内增加了土壤全氮、NH₄⁺-N含量和土壤水分，减少了 NO₃^--N含量和土壤温度的累积。（3）相关分析表明，土壤氮素含量、土壤水热是影响土壤净氮矿化速率的关键要素，但不同培养阶段调控土壤氮矿化的影响因子有所不同。综上所述，NTS处理有利于土壤氮矿化，提高了农田土壤氮素供应和蓄水保墒能力，对维持和恢复黄土高原半干旱区农田系统生产力具有重要意义。

关键词: 春小麦地, 保护性耕作, 土壤氮矿化, 土壤氮组分, 土壤水热

Abstract:

Soil nitrogen mineralization is an important process in the nitrogen cycle of terrestrial ecosystems and is vital for maintaining soil nitrogen supply capacity and crop growth. The semiarid region of the Loess Plateau in central Gansu is an important grain production area in Northwest China, and realizing efficient nitrogen utilization in local dry farmland is a key research focus. However, little is known about the effects of different tillage measures on soil nitrogen mineralization in dry wheat fields in this region. Therefore, this study focuses on the dryland wheat fields in the Loess Plateau and uses the resin core in situ culture method to monitor the effects of different tillage measures [traditional tillage (T), no-tillage (NT), traditional tillage + straw mulching (TS), and no-tillage+straw mulching (NTS)] on soil nitrogen mineralization during the spring wheat growth period (March-August) in 2021. This study analyzes the effects of these tillage measures on soil nitrogen content and hydrothermal conditions to understand their impact on the soil nitrogen mineralization process. The results indicate the following: (1) Soil nitrogen under T, NT, TS, and NTS treatments showed a net nitrogen fixation state during the early stage of spring wheat growth (presowing-flowering stage) and a net nitrogen mineralization state during the middle and late stages (flowering-maturity stage). There were significant differences in the soil net nitrogen mineralization rate under different tillage measures (NTS>TS>NT>T). (2) Compared with the T treatment, three conservation tillage methods increased soil total nitrogen, NH₄⁺-N content, and moisture during the growth period of spring wheat while reducing soil NO₃^--N content and temperature accumulation. (3) The correlation analysis showed that soil nitrogen content and soil water and heat were the key factors affecting the soil net nitrogen mineralization rate. However, the influencing factors regulating soil nitrogen mineralization at different incubation stages varied. In conclusion, NTS treatment promotes soil nitrogen mineralization, improves soil nitrogen supply and water retention capacity, and is crucial for maintaining and restoring farmland productivity in the semiarid region of the Loess Plateau.

Key words: spring wheat field, conservation tillage, soil nitrogen mineralization, soil nitrogen components, soil water heat

庞晔,袁建钰,闫丽娟,杜梦寅,李广. 保护性耕作对黄土高原旱作麦田土壤氮矿化的影响[J]. 干旱区研究, 2023, 40(9): 1446-1456.

PANG Ye,YUAN Jianyu,YAN Lijuan,DU Mengyin,LI Guang. Effects of conservation tillage on soil nitrogen mineralization in dry wheat fields on the Loess Plateau[J]. Arid Zone Research, 2023, 40(9): 1446-1456.

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指标	处理	播前-分蘖期	分蘖期-拔节期	拔节期-开花期	开花期-灌浆期	灌浆期-成熟期	全生育期
土壤净氨化量/（mg·kg^-1）	T	-3.01b	-1.02c	3.29c	2.63b	3.54c	5.43d
	TS	-0.91a	1.73ab	4.58ab	3.13ab	4.42ab	12.95b
	NT	-2.71b	0.89b	3.73bc	3.66a	3.85bc	9.42c
	NTS	-0.55a	2.98a	5.11a	3.47a	4.75a	15.77a
土壤净硝化量/（mg·kg^-1）	T	-8.80b	-5.83c	-7.18a	9.47b	13.53c	1.20c
	TS	-7.66a	-3.38b	-6.86a	12.17a	15.14ab	9.43b
	NT	-8.40ab	-5.58c	-7.03a	10.07b	14.32bc	3.38c
	NTS	-7.46a	3.67a	-6.24a	12.85a	15.85a	18.66a
土壤净氮矿化量/（mg·kg^-1）	T	-11.81b	-6.85d	-3.57b	12.10c	17.07c	6.95d
	TS	-8.56a	-1.65b	-2.60ab	15.30a	19.57a	22.06b
	NT	-11.12b	-4.69c	-2.51b	13.73b	18.17b	13.59c
	NTS	-8.01a	6.65a	-1.92a	16.32a	20.60a	33.64a

培养阶段	灰色关联度
培养阶段	温度	土壤含水量	土壤铵态氮	土壤硝态氮	土壤全氮
播种前-分蘖期	0.820	0.704	0.633	0.822	0.730
分蘖期-拔节期	0.677	0.647	0.657	0.696	0.634
拔节期-开花期	0.668	0.627	0.704	0.715	0.642
开花期-灌浆期	0.669	0.851	0.908	0.627	0.773
灌浆期-成熟期	0.667	0.781	0.821	0.645	0.546