中国北方农牧交错带东段不同类型流域水文模型适用性

doi:10.13866/j.azr.2025.06.06

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

水资源是维持生态系统平衡，保障人类生活和经济发展的基础，模拟干旱半干旱区生态系统水文过程能够促进当地水资源的有效利用。本文分析分布式水文-植被-土壤模型（DHSVM)和土壤与水评估工具（SWAT)两种模型在半干旱区不同类型流域的适用性。对两种模型参数进行敏感性分析与参数率定。采用两种模型分别模拟了2011—2012年和2017—2019年生长季北方农牧交错带东段西拉木伦河上游和老哈河上游流域的月径流量，其中，西拉木伦河上游流域以草地为主，老哈河上游流域以林地和农田为主。结果表明：DHSVM模型在西拉木伦河上游水文过程模拟中有7个主要敏感参数，在老哈河上游流域中有6个主要敏感参数。SWAT模型分别选取11个和12个敏感参数。通过敏感参数率定，在西拉木伦河上游流域，DHSVM模型在率定期Nash系数为0.70，验证期Nash系数为0.11；SWAT模型Nash系数分别为0.43和0.04。在老哈河上游流域，DHSVM模型在率定期和验证期Nash系数分别为0.56和0.70；SWAT模型分别为0.86和0.54。两种模型在北方农牧交错带西拉木伦河和老哈河上游流域的水文过程模拟中都具有较好的适用性。DHSVM模型对总体径流量的模拟更准确，SWAT模型对月径流量峰值的模拟更准确。

关键词: DHSVM模型, SWAT模型, 不同类型流域, 适用性分析, 径流模拟

Abstract:

Water resources form the foundation for maintaining ecosystem balance and ensuring human life and economic development. Simulating hydrological processes in arid and semi-arid ecosystems promotes the effective utilization of local water resources. This paper analyzed the applicability of two models—the Distributed Hydrology Soil Vegetation Model (DHSVM) and the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT)—in different types of watersheds in semi-arid regions by performing: Sensitivity analysis and parameter calibration. simulation of monthly runoff for the upper reaches of the Xar Moron River and the Laoha River during the growing seasons of 2011-2012 and 2017-2019. The upper reaches of the Xar Moron River are dominated by grasslands, while those of the Laoha River are dominated by forestland and farmland. The results show that DHSVM exhibits 7 primary sensitive parameters in the Xar Moron River and 6 in the Laoha River, whereas SWAT identifies 11 and 12 sensitive parameters, respectively. Following parameter calibration, in the upper reaches of the Xar Moron River the Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency coefficient for DHSVM is 0.70 during calibration and 0.11 during validation, while for SWAT it is 0.43 and 0.04, respectively. In the upper reaches of the Laoha River, the Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency coefficients for DHSVM are 0.56 and 0.70 during the two periods, compared with 0.86 and 0.54 for SWAT. The findings indicate that both models are applicable for simulating hydrological processes in the study area, with DHSVM more accurately simulating overall runoff and SWAT more accurately simulating peak monthly runoff.

Key words: DHSVM model, SWAT model, different types of watersheds, applicability analysis, runoff simulation

张雅静, 郝蕊芳. 中国北方农牧交错带东段不同类型流域水文模型适用性[J]. 干旱区研究, 2025, 42(6): 1021-1031.

ZHANG Yajing, HAO Ruifang. Applicability analysis of hydrological models for different types of watersheds in the eastern section of the agro-pastoral transitional zone in northern China[J]. Arid Zone Research, 2025, 42(6): 1021-1031.

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数据类型	数据名称	数据来源	空间分辨率	时间分辨率
遥感数据	DEM	地理空间数据云（https://www.gscloud.cn/）	90 m	-
	土地利用数据	中国土地覆盖数据集（CLCD）（https://essd.copernicus.org/）	30 m	-
	LAI	全球地表卫星（GLASS）（http://glass.umd.edu）	500 m	8 d
	Alb	全球地表卫星（GLASS）（http://glass.umd.edu）	500 m	8 d
土壤数据	土壤类型数据	国家青藏高原科学数据中心（https://www.tpdc.ac.cn/）	1 km	-
气象数据	气温	中国地面气候资料日值数据集（V3.0）（https://m.data.cma.cn/）	-	2010—2012年 2017—2019年日数据
	最高气温
	最低气温
	降水
	风速
	相对湿度
	日照时数
水文站数据	巴林桥	水文年鉴	-	2010—2012年 2017—2019年月径流量
水文站数据	甸子	水文年鉴	-	2010—2012年 2017—2019年月径流量

		壤土			砂壤土			沙土	粉壤土
		西拉木伦河	老哈河		西拉木伦河		老哈河	西拉木伦河	西拉木伦河
土壤参数	横向饱和导水率	1.05×10^-5	1.0×10^-5		1.1×10^-4		1.1×10^-4	3.4×10^-4	1.0×10^-5
	衰减系数	0.1	0.1		1.0		1.0	0.1	1.0
	田间持水量	0.261	0.261		0.172		0.172	0.77	0.299
	土壤泡压	0.112	-		0.147		-	0.073	0.208
	体积密度	1471.4	-		1491.5		-	1429.9	1426.2
	土壤导热率	-	7.1		-		7.1	-	-
		森林					草地		农田
		冠层		林下层			草地		农田
		西拉木伦河	老哈河	西拉木伦河		老哈河	西拉木伦河	老哈河	西拉木伦河	老哈河
植被参数	最小气孔阻力	110	110	60		60	60	60	60	60
植被参数	叶面积指数	GLASS LAI数据

类别	参数代码	参数取值
类别	参数代码	西拉木伦河	老哈河
径流	径流曲线数（CN2）	-0.17	0.12
径流	地表径流滞后时间（SURLAG）	17.65	3.43
蒸发	土壤蒸发补偿系数（ESCO）	0.12	0.22
蒸发	地下水蒸发系数（GW_REVAP）	0.18	0.09
基流	浅层地下水径流系数（GWQMN）	1.71	1.99
	基流分割系数（ALPHA_BF）	0.65	0.29
	地下水延迟时间（GW_DELAY）	443.70	102.59
主河道	主河道曼宁值（CH_N2）	0.21	-0.01
主河道	主河道有效水力传导系数（CH_K2）	117.49	344.61
土壤	饱和导水率（SOL_K）	-0.17	-0.43
	土壤有效含水量（SOL_AWC）	-0.11	0.30
	土壤容重（SOL_BD）	-	0.04