干旱区研究

干旱区研究 ›› 2022, Vol. 39 ›› Issue (6): 1986-1995.doi: 10.13866/j.azr.2022.06.28

• 其他 • 上一篇    下一篇

巴托拉等冰川的新近变化及对中巴公路的影响

李志杰1,2(),王宁练1,2,3(),常佳雯1,2   

  1. 1.陕西省地表系统与环境承载力重点实验室，陕西 西安 710127
    2.西北大学城市与环境学院 地表系统与灾害研究院，陕西 西安 710127
    3.中国科学院青藏高原研究所，北京 100101
  • 收稿日期:2022-05-01 修回日期:2022-07-12 出版日期:2022-11-15 发布日期:2023-01-17
  • 通讯作者: 王宁练
  • 作者简介:李志杰（1995-），男，博士研究生，主要从事冰川变化与气候变化研究. E-mail: lizhijie820@163.com
  • 基金资助:
    中国科学院战略性先导科技专项(XDA20060201);中国科学院战略性先导科技专项(XDA19070302);国家自然科学基金重点项目(42130516);第二次青藏高原综合科学考察研究项目(2019QZKK020102)

Recent variations of the Batura, Pasu, and Ghulkin glaciers and their potential impact on the Karakoram highway

LI Zhijie1,2(),WANG Ninglian1,2,3(),CHANG Jiawen1,2   

  1. 1. Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Earth Surface System and Environmental Carrying Capacity, Xi’an 710127, Shaanxi, China
    2. Institute of Earth Surface System and Hazards, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Northwest University, Xi’an 710127, Shaanxi, China
    3. Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
  • Received:2022-05-01 Revised:2022-07-12 Online:2022-11-15 Published:2023-01-17
  • Contact: Ninglian WANG

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摘要：

喀喇昆仑公路是推动我国新疆地区对外开放的重要通道，长期受到冰川灾害的影响，尤以罕萨河中游的巴托拉段最为严重。本研究基于野外考察、遥感影像等资料，分析了巴托拉、帕苏、固尔金冰川近百年的变化、变化原因及对公路的影响。结果表明：（1） 近百年来，特别是2000年以来，巴托拉、帕苏、固尔金冰川总体处于微弱退缩状态，对公路的直接威胁趋于减弱。（2） 巴托拉、帕苏、固尔金冰川消融加剧与冰舌波动导致融水径流频繁迁移，冰川融水洪水、冰湖溃决洪水、冰川泥石流等次生灾害对公路安全运行的影响正日渐凸显。（3） 巴托拉段冰川变化对公路最直接的威胁在于2021年6—7月巴托拉河新的改道，改道后水流将直接冲击侵蚀路基，影响公路安全。本研究成果可为中巴公路沿线以及我国西部与中亚、南亚其他陆路通道的冰川灾害监测防治提供参考借鉴。

关键词: 喀拉昆仑公路, 巴托拉冰川, 融水径流, 冰川灾害

Abstract:

The Karakoram highway (KKH) is a strategic channel connecting China and Pakistan and promoting the opening up of Xinjiang to the outside world. It is situated on the valley floors of the Pamir-Hindu Kush-Karakoram, where the densest mountain glaciers exist in High Mountain Asia (HMA). The KKH has been affected by glacier hazards for a long time, especially the Batura-Ghulkin section in the middle reaches of the Hunza River. In this study, based on the research documents, field investigation reports, Landsat MSS\TM\ETM+\OLI images, elevation change data sets of HMA, and ITS_LIVE glacier surface velocity data, we reconstructed the historical changes of the Batura, Pasu, and Ghulkin glaciers, including the glacier area, surface elevation, surface velocity, and meltwater runoff over the last 100 years, as well as the impact of glacier variations on KKH. The results show that over the past 100 years, the Batura and Pasu glaciers have generally retreated, with the distance increased between the glacier tongue and KKH, while the Ghulkin glacier has remained stable. Therefore, for the KKH, the current changes in the Batura and Pasu glaciers pose no direct threat. As the Ghulkin glacier is too close to the KKH, particularly the northern glacier tongue, which is only about 170 m, the direct threat to the highway will persist for a long time. For the Batura glacier, the more realistic threat is the migration and reorganization of the meltwater runoff drainage channel (Batura River) from June to July 2021. After the diversion, the water flow will cause strong erosion of the roadbed, which must be attended to by the government. The Pasu glacier has been retreating strongly in the past decades, and the risk of large-scale glacial lake outburst flood has also decreased recently, so the glacier hazard’s threat to the KKH is weakening. With the construction of drainage facilities, the meltwater runoff of the Ghulkin Glacier has been effectively channeled, but the disaster risk contained in the migration and swing of the meltwater channel can not be ignored.

Key words: Karakoram highway, Batura glaciers, meltwater runoff, glacier hazards