托木尔峰青冰滩72号冰川表碛区夏季消融模拟研究

doi:10.13866/j.azr.2023.10.06

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

表碛覆盖型冰川在我国西部分布广泛，由于该类型冰川消融区域不同程度的被岩石碎屑所覆盖，消融状况与非表碛覆盖型冰川有较大差异，因此，开展表碛覆盖型冰川的消融模拟研究至关重要。本文以冰面气象数据为驱动，使用表碛覆盖型冰川能量平衡模型对天山托木尔峰青冰滩72号冰川表碛区进行能量和消融模拟。基于热传导过程和能量平衡方程，模型计算了表碛表面温度以及表碛层内部温度，并通过表碛内部温度估算下覆冰的消融量。结果表明： 2008年夏季期间模型模拟的消融量为0.39 m w.e.，与消融花杆数据进行验证取得了较高的模拟精度（R²=0.92, RMSE=±0.03 m w.e.），表碛表面温度和内部10 cm深处温度的模拟值也与实测数据拟合较好（R²分别为0.91和0.60）。在表碛区的能量交换过程中，净短波辐射是唯一的能量收入项，感热通量是最大的能量支出项（49.7%），其次分别为传导热通量（消融耗热）（25.8%），净长波辐射（19.8%）和潜热通量（4.6%），降水热量不足1%。云量对表碛区的气象和能量特征有着显著的影响，阴天条件下表碛区的入射短波辐射峰值从晴天的854 W·m^-2降至587 W·m^-2，下行长波辐射和相对湿度增加，平均消融量比晴天减少了12%。此外，对表碛关键参数的敏感性分析表明，模拟的消融量对导热系数的变化最为敏感，反照率和表面粗糙度的变化量同样不可忽视。

关键词: 青冰滩72号冰川, 天山托木尔峰, 表碛, 能量平衡, 消融模拟

Abstract:

Debris-covered glaciers are widely distributed in Western China. Their ablation areas are covered by varying degrees of rock debris, and consequently, their melting statuses differ greatly when compared to debris-free glaciers. There is currently a need for melting simulations to better understand debris-covered glaciers. In this paper, driven by field meteorological data, an energy balance model for debris-covered glaciers has been used to simulate the energy and ablation in debris-covered areas of Qingbingtan Glacier No. 72 in Mt. Tomor, Tianshan. Based on the heat conduction process and the energy balance equation, the model calculates the debris surface temperature and the internal temperature of the debris, then estimates the subdebris melt using the internal debris temperature. The results showed that the modeled ablation was 0.39 m w.e. in the summer of 2008, and the simulation accuracy (R² = 0.92, RMSE = ±0.03 m w.e.) was higher when compared with the field data. The simulated debris temperatures at the surface and a depth of 10 cm inside the debris were also found to fit well with the measured data (R² = 0.91 and 0.60, respectively). During energy exchange in the debris area, net shortwave radiation was the only energy income item, and sensible heat flux was the largest energy expenditure item (49.7%), followed by the heat conduction flux (ablation heat consumption) (25.8%), net longwave radiation (19.8%), and latent heat flux (4.6%), while precipitation heat was <1%. Cloud cover had a significant impact on the meteorological and energy characteristics of the debris area. Under overcast conditions, the incoming shortwave radiation in the debris area decreased from 854 W·m^-2 on sunny days to 587 W·m^-2, while the downward longwave radiation and relative humidity increased, and the average ablation decreased by 12%, when compared with sunny days. In addition, the sensitivity analysis of the key parameters for debris shows that the simulated ablation is most sensitive to the changes in thermal conductivity, and the changes in albedo and surface roughness cannot be ignored.

Key words: Qingbingtan Glacier No. 72, Mt. Tomor in Tianshan, debris, energy balance, melting simulation

何捷, 王璞玉, 李宏亮, 李忠勤, 周平, 牟建新, 余凤臣, 戴玉萍. 托木尔峰青冰滩72号冰川表碛区夏季消融模拟研究[J]. 干旱区研究, 2023, 40(10): 1595-1607.

HE Jie, WANG Puyu, LI Hongliang, LI Zhongqin, ZHOU Ping, MU Jianxin, YU Fengchen, DAI Yuping. Simulation study of summer ablation in the debris area of Qingbingtan Glacier No. 72 in Mt. Tomor[J]. Arid Zone Research, 2023, 40(10): 1595-1607.

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测量项目	气温/℃	相对湿度/%	风速/(m·s^-1)	降水/mm	入射/反射短波辐射/(W·m^-2)
精度	±0.5 ℃	±3%	<4%	±4%	±5%
架设高度	2 m	2 m	2 m	0.7 m	1.5 m

	净短波辐射/(W·m^-2)	净长波辐射/(W·m^-2)	感热通量/(W·m^-2)	潜热通量/(W·m^-2)	传导热通量/(W·m^-2)	降水热量/(W·m^-2)	消融量/(mm w.e.)
所有天气	185.23	-36.58	-92.08	-8.62	-47.88	-0.06	0.56
晴天	207.34	-46.05	-109.04	-2.63	-49.61	0	0.58
变化幅度	11.9%	-25.9%	-18.4%	69.5%	-3.6%	-	3.6%
阴天	147.30	-25.06	-72.30	-6.58	-43.16	-0.20	0.51
变化幅度	-20.5%	31.5%	21.5%	23.7%	9.9%	-70.0%	-8.9%

参数原始值	参数变化量	模拟消融量/(m w.e.)	消融量变化百分比
k=0.94 W·m^-1·K^-1	+0.2	0.47	17.2%
	+0.4	0.53	33.1%
	-0.2	0.33	-18.4%
	-0.4	0.25	-38.3%
z₀=0.016 m	+0.01	0.38	-4.6%
	+0.02	0.37	-7.7%
	-0.01	0.44	9.3%
ε=0.94	+0.03	0.38	-4.2%
	+0.06	0.37	-8.2%
	-0.03	0.42	4.4%
	-0.06	0.44	9.1%
α=0.086	+0.1	0.38	-5.6%
	+0.2	0.35	-11.5%
	-0.05	0.41	2.7%

	青冰滩72号冰川	西琼台兰冰川	科其喀尔冰川	嘎隆拉冰川	Miage冰川	Lirung冰川	喀喇昆仑山
研究尺度	单点尺度						区域尺度
经度	79°54' E	80°17' E	80°10' E	95°43' E	6°52' E	85°33' E	74°~77°E
纬度	41°45' N	41°45' N	41°48' N	29°45' N	45°47' N	28°13' N	34°~37°N
海拔/m	3560~5986	3390~5800	3060~6342	3880~4800	1775~4800	4000~7132	3000~8000
面积/km²	5.74	107.1	83.6	2.7	11	6.3	18000
表碛厚度/m	0.12	-	1.8	0.25	0.23	-	0.01~1.07
S/(W·m^-2)	185.2	146.7	98.0	201	219	176	131.8
L/(W·m^-2)	-36.6	146.7	98.0	-25.2	-70	-63.3	-85.6
H/(W·m^-2)	-92.1	-15	-43.5	-87.1	-75	11.3	4.3
LE/(W·m^-2)	-8.6	-54.7	-44.0	-25	-14	-1	-13.6
G/(W·m^-2)	-	-	-	-	-57	-	3
P/(W·m^-2)	-0.1	-	-	0.1	-	-	0
M/(W·m^-2)	47.8	77	10.5	63.8	3	123	39.9
文献来源	本文	[38-39]	[41]	[12]	[28]	[42]	[43]