近35 a新疆天山巴音布鲁克草原退化程度评价

doi:10.13866/j.azr.2023.04.12

干旱区研究 ›› 2023, Vol. 40 ›› Issue (4): 636-646.doi: 10.13866/j.azr.2023.04.12 cstr: 32277.14.j.azr.2023.04.12

近35 a新疆天山巴音布鲁克草原退化程度评价

赵剑^1,^2,³(),邓成军⁴,李文利⁴,赵金¹,公延明^1,²,李凯辉^1,²()

1.中国科学院新疆生态与地理研究所，新疆乌鲁木齐 830011
2.中国科学院新疆生态与地理研究所巴音布鲁克草原生态系统研究站，新疆巴音布鲁克 841314
3.中国科学院大学，北京 100049
4.新疆巴音郭楞蒙古自治州草原工作站，新疆库尔勒 841000

收稿日期:2022-06-06 修回日期:2023-01-28 出版日期:2023-04-15 发布日期:2023-04-28
作者简介:赵剑（1997-），男，硕士研究生，主要从事草原生态遥感监测. E-mail: 715171198@qq.com
基金资助:
第三次新疆科学考察项目(2022xjkk0401);王宽诚教育基金会(中亚咸海生态与环境修复国际研究团队)

Evaluation of the degree of degradation of Xinjiang Tianshan Bayinbuluk grassland in 35 years

ZHAO Jian^1,^2,³(),DENG Chengjun⁴,LI Wenli⁴,ZHAO Jin¹,GONG Yanming^1,²,LI Kaihui^1,²()

1. Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, Xinjiang, China
2. Bayinbuluk Grassland Ecosystem Research, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography Chinese Academy of Sciences, Bayinbuluk 841314, Xinjiang, China
3. University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
4. Grassland Workstation of Bayinguoleng Mongol Autonomous Prefecture, Kuerle 841000, Xinjiang, China

Received:2022-06-06 Revised:2023-01-28 Published:2023-04-15 Online:2023-04-28

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

植被覆盖度和生产力指标作为评价草原生态系统退化已有较多研究，各单一评价指标互相独立难以对不同草原退化程度进行综合评价。本研究以新疆天山中部巴音布鲁克草原为研究对象，提出了一种基于标准化处理分指标耦合的草原退化遥感评估方法。选取草原植被覆盖度、草层平均高度、总产草量3个分指标，通过主成分分析法确定分指标权重，并引入Min-Max标准化方法处理并构建综合评价指标草地退化指数（Grassland Degradation Index，GDI），最终通过Landsat影像反演以及草地退化指数变化率的合理分级评估了1986—2021年新疆天山巴音布鲁克草原的退化程度。结果表明：（1） GDI_g与NDVI的相关性最好。（2） 2021年巴音布鲁克草原未退化面积占总面积的比例为60.51 %；不同草地类型的草地退化程度有明显差异；空间分布上表现为由盆地向山地退化加重的趋势。（3）通过辐射配准方法可以将GDI_rs模型应用于其他年份，2000—2009年巴音布鲁克草原退化程度明显改善，2009—2021年草原退化程度轻微波动。研究结果将为指导巴音布鲁克草原退化程度的评价和保护草原生态系统提供一定的数据支撑和理论基础。

关键词: 草原退化, Landsat影像, Min-Max标准化, 草地退化指数, 回归模型, 巴音布鲁克草原

Abstract:

Many studies on grassland ecosystem degradation have been performed using vegetation coverage or productivity indexes for evaluation. However, it is difficult to comprehensively evaluate different degrees of grassland degradation using a single evaluation index. Taking Bayinbuluk grassland in the Xinjiang Tianshan Mountains as a research object, a remote sensing method for evaluating grassland degradation based on standardized processing sub-index coupling was proposed. The grassland vegetation coverage, average grass layer height, and total grass yield were selected to determine the weight of the three indexes by principal component analysis. The Min-Max standardized method was introduced to construct the grassland degradation index (GDI). Finally, the degree of degradation of Bayinbuluk grassland in the Xinjiang Tianshan Mountains was determined through Landsat image inversion and reasonable classification of the rate of change of grassland degradation index from 1986 to 2021. The results showed that GDI_g has the best correlation with NDVI. In 2021, the proportion of undegraded area of Bayinbuluk grassland relative to the total area was 60.51%. The degree of degradation of different grassland types showed clear differences. The spatial distribution showed a trend of basin to mountain degradation. The GDI_rs model could be applied to other years through the radiation registration method. The degree of degradation of Bayinbuluk grassland significantly improved from 2000 to 2009 and slightly fluctuated from 2009 to 2021. The results of this research provide robust data support and a theoretical basis for guiding evaluation of the degree of degradation of Bayinbuluk grassland and protecting the grassland ecosystem.

Key words: grassland degradation, Landsat image, Min-Max standardization, grassland degradation index, regression model, Bayinbuluk grassland

赵剑, 邓成军, 李文利, 赵金, 公延明, 李凯辉. 近35 a新疆天山巴音布鲁克草原退化程度评价[J]. 干旱区研究, 2023, 40(4): 636-646.

ZHAO Jian, DENG Chengjun, LI Wenli, ZHAO Jin, GONG Yanming, LI Kaihui. Evaluation of the degree of degradation of Xinjiang Tianshan Bayinbuluk grassland in 35 years[J]. Arid Zone Research, 2023, 40(4): 636-646.

图/表 8

图1

表1

植被指数及计算公式"

植被指数	计算公式	参考文献
归一化植被指数	$N D V I = R N i r - R R e d R N i r + R R e d$	[23]
差值植被指数	$D V I = R N i r - R R e d$	[24]
比值植被指数	$R V I = R N i r R R e d$	[25]
增强型植被指数	$E V I = 2.5 × R N i r - R R e d R N i r + 6.0 R R e d - 7.5 R B l u e + 1$	[26]
土壤植被指数	$S A V I = R N i r - R R e d R N i r + R R e d + L 1 + L$	[27]
三波段梯度差植被指数	$T G D V I = R N i r - R R e d λ N i r - λ R e d - R R e d - R G r e e n λ R e d - λ G r e e n 若 T G D V I < 0, ? 则 T G D V I = 0 ? ?$	[28]

表1

表2

表3

20世纪80年代草原普查数据集"

草地类	草地型	平均盖度/%	总产草量/(kg·hm^-2)	平均高度/cm	$G D I g$
高寒草甸类	白尖薹草、杂类草	85	3108.00	14.0	0.52
	鬼箭锦鸡儿、线叶嵩草、杂类草	90	3199.50	25.0	0.78
	线叶嵩草	90	3237.00	20.0	0.68
	线叶嵩草、白尖薹草、杂类草	90	3031.50	20.0	0.68
	线叶嵩草、细果薹草、珠芽蓼	90	6631.50	17.5	0.75
	线叶嵩草、杂类草	90	7485.00	25.0	0.93
	珠芽蓼、细果薹草、杂类草	90	3247.50	12.5	0.53
高寒草原类	新疆薹草、溚草	60	1546.50	16.5	0.34
	新疆薹草、寒生羊茅	65	2173.50	15.0	0.37
	新疆薹草、宽穗赖草	40	5620.50	12.5	0.26
	新疆薹草、杂类草	60	4480.50	20.0	0.51
	寒生羊茅、冰草	50	1705.50	10.0	0.15
	寒生羊茅、新疆薹草、天山鸢尾	85	1770.00	15.0	0.50
	寒生羊茅、紫花针茅	50	1827.00	12.5	0.20
	宽穗赖草	35	1380.60	20.0	0.23
	宽穗赖草、椒蒿	35	1380.60	20.0	0.23
	天山鸢尾、新疆薹草、紫花针茅	85	1914.00	17.5	0.55
	天山鸢尾、寒生羊茅	85	1914.00	17.5	0.55
	野黑麦、杂类草	85	5319.00	22.5	0.77
	紫花针茅、冰草、杂类草	50	498.00	12.5	0.16
	紫花针茅、新疆薹草	50	951.00	17.5	0.27
	紫花针茅、新疆薹草、寒生羊茅	50	1827.00	12.5	0.20
	紫花针茅、寒生羊茅、冰草	50	1827.00	12.5	0.20
	紫花针茅、宽穗赖草	50	951.00	17.5	0.27
	紫花针茅、冷蒿	45	913.50	17.5	0.24
	紫花针茅、杂类草	50	951.00	17.5	0.27
	座花针茅、宽穗赖草	50	1380.60	20.0	0.34
沼泽草地类	柄囊薹草	100	4128.00	17.5	0.73
沼泽草地类	布顿大麦草、扁灯芯草	100	4323.00	12.5	0.64

表3

表4

2021年建模样地数据集"

样地号	平均盖度/%	总产草量/（kg·hm^-2）	平均高度/cm	$G D I g$
001	75	3560.00	15.0	0.56
002	95	4336.00	15.0	0.70
003	100	6387.00	20.0	0.85
004	94	2013.00	6.0	0.52
005	100	10233.00	18.0	0.84
006	80	2263.33	7.0	0.46
007	84	2506.00	31.0	0.72
008	82	2586.00	12.0	0.53
009	60	1933.00	12.0	0.38
010	100	1870.00	12.0	0.61
011	70	1703.00	12.0	0.43
012	70	2503.00	22.0	0.56
013	50	2556.00	23.0	0.45
014	88	3566.00	27.0	0.74
015	80	1817.00	16.0	0.53
016	75	2460.00	15.0	0.52
017	65	1403.33	5.7	0.33
018	55	1160.00	5.3	0.26
019	65	776.67	4.0	0.29
020	75	2070.00	8.7	0.44
021	55	1210.00	5.0	0.26
022	55	520.00	3.7	0.22
023	90	2393.33	7.7	0.53
024	40	703.33	4.0	0.15
025	85	1576.67	8.3	0.48
026	40	710.00	4.3	0.15
027	41	1980.00	6.4	0.22
028	40	979.50	7.6	0.19
029	34	960.00	9.6	0.18
030	44	864.00	4.7	0.18
031	92	6853.00	34.0	0.95
032	95	2660.00	19.0	0.67
033	95	3240.00	9.7	0.61
034	84	2482.50	13.0	0.55
035	83	3720.00	11.5	0.57

表4

表5

图2

表6

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草地类	植物种类
高寒草甸类	白尖薹草（Carex oxyleuca）
	鬼箭锦鸡儿（Caragana jubata）
	线叶嵩草（Kobresia capillifolia）
	细果薹草（Carex stenocarpa）
	珠芽蓼（Polygonum viviparum）
高寒草原类	新疆薹草（Carex turkestanica）
	溚草（Koeleria macrantha）
	寒生羊茅（Festuca kryloviana）
	宽穗赖草（Leymus ovatus）
	冰草（Agropyron cristatum）
	天山鸢尾（Iris loczyi Kanitz）
	紫花针茅（Stipa purpurea）
	椒蒿（Artemisia dracunculus）
	野黑麦（Secale sylvestre）
	冷蒿（Artemisia frigida）
	座花针茅（Stipa subsessiliflora）
沼泽草地类	柄囊薹草（Carex stenophylla）
	布顿大麦草（Hordeum bogdanii）
	扁灯芯草（Juncus compressus）

	植被覆盖度	草层平均高度	总产草量
20世纪80年代模型系数	0.59	0.36	0.30
2021年模型系数	0.59	0.44	0.32
20世纪80年代指标权重	0.47	0.29	0.24
2021年指标权重	0.44	0.32	0.24
权重平均值	0.46	0.30	0.24

退化程度	1986—2000年面积/hm²	1986—2000年比例/%	1986—2009年面积/hm²	1986—2009年比例/%	1986—2021年面积/hm²	1986—2021年比例/%
重度退化	247967.37	16.47	163884.51	10.89	221458.95	14.71
中度退化	431370.63	28.66	193017.06	12.82	188894.07	12.55
轻度退化	243514.08	16.18	177344.28	11.78	184102.11	12.23
未退化	582457.77	38.69	971064.00	64.51	910854.72	60.51

近35 a新疆天山巴音布鲁克草原退化程度评价

Evaluation of the degree of degradation of Xinjiang Tianshan Bayinbuluk grassland in 35 years

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