阿尔泰山东部林区森林种群结构和空间分布格局

doi:10.13866/j.azr.2022.06.19

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

以新疆阿尔泰山富蕴林区乔木为研究对象，利用设置典型样带进行样方调查的方法，分析阿尔泰山东部林区的树种组成和优势种径级结构、不同龄林的生境特征及空间分布格局。结果表明：（1）西伯利亚云杉（Picea obovata）、西伯利亚落叶松（Larix sibirica）、疣枝桦（Betula pendula）和欧洲山杨（Populus tremula）为富蕴林区的优势种，个体数量占总数量的99.99%，稀有种和偶见种占总物种的0.013%；（2）优势种的径级结构与所有乔木的径级结构相似，近似于倒“U”型，以中径级个体居多；（3）从物种分布与环境因子的关系来看，海拔和坡向的影响较大，与土层厚度的关系不明显；（4） 4个树种的空间分布格局均为集群分布，按照龄组划分，其幼龄林均为均匀分布。不同林龄树种的空间分布格局是天然森林树种长期适应环境条件变化而形成，反映出这一区域森林树种动态变化、森林物种之间的竞争扩散及与环境之间的关系，可为本区域森林保护和管理提供参考。

关键词: 西伯利亚落叶松, 西伯利亚云杉, 径级结构, 空间分布格局, 生境特征, 阿尔泰山

Abstract:

To clarify the spatial distribution pattern of trees in the Fuyun forest area of the Altai Mountain and provide a reference for biodiversity protection and forest management in this area, the tree species composition, tree diameter class structure, habitat characteristics of different tree species in different age forests, and spatial distribution pattern of dominant species in the Fuyun forest region of the Altai mountain were analyzed. The results showed that: (1) Picea obovata, Larix sibirica, Betula pendula, and Populus tremula were the dominant species in the Fuyun forest region, the individual number accounted for 99.99% of the total number, rare species accounted for 0.013% of the total species. (2) The diameter class structure of the dominant species was similar to that of all trees, which was similar to the inverted “U” shape, with medium diameter class individuals in the majority. (3) From the relationship between species distribution and environmental factors, altitude and slope direction have great influence, but the relationship with soil thickness is not obvious. (4) The spatial distribution pattern of the four tree species is cluster distribution, and according to the age groups, their young forests are evenly distributed. The spatial distribution pattern of trees is the result of long-term adaptation between the plant species and its environment，and it can be signals, such as the forest dynamics, plant revival, and expansion of different tree species, and the relationship between trees as well as the environments.

Key words: Picea obovata, Larix sibirica, diameter class structure, spatial distribution pattern, habitat characteristics, Altai Mountain

徐俏,赵万羽,魏岩,叶茂,赵新风. 阿尔泰山东部林区森林种群结构和空间分布格局[J]. 干旱区研究, 2022, 39(6): 1885-1895.

XU Qiao,ZHAO Wanyu,WEI Yan,YE Mao,ZHAO Xinfeng. Forestry structure and spatial distribution pattern of different age tree species in forest area of eastern Altai Mountain[J]. Arid Zone Research, 2022, 39(6): 1885-1895.

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物种	多度/棵	平均胸径/cm	胸高断面积/cm²	重要值/%
西伯利亚落叶松 Larix sibirica	14024	27.40	589.65	63.00
西伯利亚云杉 Picea obovata	750	25.02	491.66	15.88
疣枝桦 Betula pendula	86	22.08	382.90	10.70
欧洲山杨 Populus tremus	66	21.86	375.31	10.37

龄组	数量比例/%	面积比例/%	郁闭度/%	海拔范围/m	土层厚度范围/cm
幼龄林（Ⅰ）	0.29	0.34	40.93	1320~2400	25~61
中龄林（Ⅱ）	3.65	4.13	50.95	1210~2580	25~61
近熟林（Ⅲ）	27.07	25.69	24.25	1050~3250	15~61
成熟林（Ⅳ）	28.67	28.91	45.24	1150~3250	25~61
过熟林（Ⅴ）	40.82	40.93	43.48	1070~3250	25~61

树种	龄组	数量比例/%	面积比例/%	郁闭度	海拔范围/m	坡向	坡位	坡度	土层厚度范围/cm
西伯利亚云杉 Picea obovata	Ⅰ	2.00	1.54	53.75	1650~2120	N\NE	C\D	3\4	25~61
	Ⅱ	14.00	11.18	46.19	1220~2360	N\NE\NW	C\D	3\4	25~61
	Ⅲ	38.27	43.64	25.71	1220~2480	N\NE\NW	C\D	3\4	25~61
	Ⅳ	28.80	26.07	43.70	1150~2360	N\NE\NW	C\D	3\4	25~61
	Ⅴ	16.93	17.59	45.39	1340~3100	N\NE\NW	C\D	3\4	25~45
西伯利亚落叶松 Larix sibirica	Ⅰ	0.15	0.24	0.56	1520~2400	N\NE\NW	B\C\D	3\4	25~45
	Ⅱ	3.02	5.60	52.58	1300~2580	N\NE\NW	B\C\D	3\4	25~45
	Ⅲ	26.39	24.50	24.21	1051~3250	N\NE\NW	B\C\D	3\4	15~61
	Ⅳ	28.42	29.33	45.33	1230~3250	N\NE\NW	B\C\D	3\4	25~61
	Ⅴ	42.01	42.34	43.64	1150~3250	N\NE\NW	B\C\D	3\4	25~61
疣枝桦 Betula pendula	Ⅰ	2.35	1.24	40.00	1480~1650	NE\S	C	5	25~45
	Ⅱ	18.82	26.77	38.75	1210~1740	N\NE\NW\S	D\C	5\3\4	25~45
	Ⅳ	41.18	27.13	18.71	1150~1900	N\S\NE\NW	D\C\E	3\5\2\4	25~45
	Ⅴ	37.65	44.86	31.25	1210~1900	N\NE\NW\S	D\C\E	5\4\2	25~45
欧洲山杨树 Populus tremula	Ⅰ	3.51	1.20	25.00	1740~2100	S	C\D	1\3	25~45
	Ⅲ	28.07	48.63	20.00	1050~2140	S\SE	D\C\B	1\3	25~45
	Ⅳ	3.51	3.39	50.00	1220~1610	SE	D\C\B	1	25~45
	Ⅴ	64.91	46.79	25.68	1070~2000	S	C\D\B	3\1	25~45

树种	方差均值比检验	分布类型	聚集强度
树种	V/m	分布类型	I	K	I	K
西伯利亚云杉 Picea obovata	15.2700	C	14.2700		0.0026
西伯利亚落叶松 Larix sibirica	371.8900	C	370.8900		0.0024
疣枝桦 Betula pendula	6.6200	C	5.6200		0.0006
杨树 Populus tremula	4.8400	C	3.8400		0.0007

树种	龄组	方差均值比检验	分布类型	聚集强度
树种	龄组	V/m	分布类型	I	K
西伯利亚云杉 Picea obovata	Ⅰ	0.2000	U	-0.8000	-0.0030
	Ⅱ	2.0700	C	1.0700	0.0600
	Ⅲ	4.4100	C	3.4100	0.0700
	Ⅳ	3.6600	C	2.6600	0.0550
	Ⅴ	1.8600	C	0.8600	0.0850
西伯利亚落叶松 Larix sibirica	Ⅰ	0.3000	U	-0.7000	-0.0004
	Ⅱ	8.2200	C	7.2200	0.0023
	Ⅲ	92.4800	C	91.4800	0.0025
	Ⅳ	94.9800	C	93.9800	0.0025
	Ⅴ	152.1400	C	151.1400	0.0025
疣枝桦 Betula pendula	Ⅰ	0.0200	U	-0.9800	-0.0005
	Ⅱ	0.1800	U	-0.8200	-0.0340
	Ⅲ	0.3900	U	-0.6100	-0.1810
	Ⅳ	-	-	-	-
	Ⅴ	0.3400	U	-0.6600	-0.1320
杨树 Populus tremula	Ⅰ	0.0400	U	-0.9600	-0.0030
	Ⅱ	-	-	-	-
	Ⅲ	0.1900	U	-0.8100	-0.0440
	Ⅳ	0.0300	U	-0.9700	-0.0020
	Ⅴ	0.4000	U	-0.6000	-0.3440