新疆伊犁与哈萨克斯坦新疆野苹果[Malus sieversii (Ledeb.) Roem.]种群年龄结构

干旱区研究 ›› 2019, Vol. 36 ›› Issue (4): 844-853.

新疆伊犁与哈萨克斯坦新疆野苹果[Malus sieversii (Ledeb.) Roem.]种群年龄结构

张苹^1,2，吕昭智^1,3，张鑫^1,3，赵想平⁴，张永光^1,3，Gulzhanat Tanabekova⁵，Maisupova Bagila⁶，Adilbayeva Zhanera⁷，崔志军⁸

收稿日期：2018-12-10；修订日期：2019-03-18

1. 中国科学院新疆生态与地理研究所, 新疆乌鲁木齐 830011; 2. 中国科学院大学, 北京 100049; 3. 中国科学院干旱区生物地理与生物资源重点实验室，乌鲁木齐 830011；4.石河子大学，新疆石河子 832003；5. Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty, 050040, Kazakhstan; 6. Almaty branch of "Kazakh Research Institute of Forestry" LLP, Almaty, 050000, Kazakhstan；7. Kazakh National Agrarian University, Almaty, 050010, Kazakhstan；8.伊犁巩留县林业局, 新疆乌鲁木齐 835400

收稿日期:2018-12-10 修回日期:2019-03-18 出版日期:2019-07-15 发布日期:2019-07-15
通讯作者: 吕昭智
作者简介:张苹(1996－),女,在读硕士生,主要从事动物生态学研究. Email:zpsds2018 @163.com
基金资助:
国家重点研发计划(2016YFC0501502)资助

Age Structure of Malus sieversii Population in Ili of Xinjiang and Kazakhstan

ZHANG Ping^{1, 2}, Lü Zhao-zhi^{1, 3}, ZHANG Xin^{1, 3}, ZHAO Xiang-ping⁴, ZHNAG Yong-guang^{1, 3}, Gulzhanat Tanabekova⁵, Maisupova Bagila⁶, Adilbayeva Zhanera⁷, CUI Zhi-jun⁸

1. Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, Xinjiang, China;
2. University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China;
3. Key Laboratory of Biogeography and Bioresources, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, Xinjiang, China;
4. Shihezi University, Shihezi, 832003, Xinjiang, China;
5. Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty 050040, Kazakhstan;
6. Almaty Branch of “Kazakh Research Institute of Forestry” LLP, Almaty 050000, Kazakhstan;
7. Kazakh National Agrarian University, Almaty 050010, Kazakhstan;
8. Gongliu Forestry Bureau, Gongliu 835400, Xinjiang, China

Received:2018-12-10 Revised:2019-03-18 Online:2019-07-15 Published:2019-07-15

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 人类活动和自然环境的胁迫加速了中亚地区新疆野苹果[Malus sieversii (Ledeb.)Roem.]种群栖息环境的丧失，新疆野苹果种群面积和生存力趋于下降。本文以第三纪孑遗植物新疆野苹果(M. sieversii)为研究对象，野外系统调查新疆野苹果种群的生存现状，比较新疆伊犁和哈萨克斯坦分布的新疆野苹果种群年龄结构及果实产量，对两地当前新疆野苹果种群变化进行了分析。研究结果显示：当前伊犁地区和20世纪70年代哈萨克斯坦新疆野苹果种群的龄级结构主要以中龄(15~50 cm)树为主，而幼龄(0~15 cm)与老龄(50~75 cm)树较少。1969年和1970年哈萨克斯坦的新疆野苹果种群生存力最弱，种群为衰退型(Deevey-Ⅲ)，但其产量较高；2016年和2017年伊犁的新疆野苹果种群生存力相对较弱，种群趋于衰退(Deevey-Ⅲ)，产量较低；2013年哈萨克斯坦新疆野苹果种群生存力相对最强，种群最稳定(Deevey-Ⅱ)；幼龄个体的缺乏是新疆野苹果种群趋于衰退的关键因子。目前在哈萨克斯坦新疆野苹果保护区内需进行适当放牧干扰，以扩大种子的传播，提高种子的萌发；新疆地区以建立保护区为主，杜绝新疆野苹果的采收和降低野果林内的割草强度，以保护幼苗的生存数量，提高新疆野苹果的种子库，加快新疆野苹果种群更新。

关键词: 新疆野苹果种群, 静态生命表, 年龄结构, 新疆伊犁, 哈萨克斯坦

Abstract: Environmental and human stress accelerate the loss of wild apple habitats in Central Asia, causing the decline of population and viability of wild apples. In this paper, the population of a tertiary relict plant Malus sieversii (Ledeb.) M. Roem (wild apple) was studied. The status of wild apple population was systematically surveyed, and the age structure, fruit yield and population dynamic change of wild apple in Xinjiang (Ili River Valley) of China and Kazakhstan were compared. The results showed that the population age structure was currently and even in the 1970s dominated by the middle-aged (15-50 cm) trees, and the proportion of young (0-15 cm) and old (50-75 cm) trees was low in the Ili River Valley of Xinjiang and Kazakhstan. Compared with the population in Xinjiang, the life vitality of wild apple population was weaker while the fruit yield was relatively high, and the population was in a severe decline (Deevey-Ⅲ) in Kazakhstan from 1969 to 1970. In 2013, the population of wild apple trees in Kazakhstan showed a strong life vitality and stable population structure (Deevey-Ⅱ). The key factor that resulted in the decline of wild apple population was the lack of young individual trees. Detailed advices were proposed to the conservation and regeneration of wild apple forest in Xinjiang and Kazakhstan. For Kazakhstan, an appropriate level of grazing was suggested to enhance the seed spreading and germinating. For Ili of Xinjiang, the conservation areas should be established, while the wild apple fruit collection and mowing in wild apple forest should be prohibited or under well control so as to protect the seedlings as well as the natural seed bank.

Key words: Malus sieversii population, static life table, age structure, Ili of Xinjiang, Kazakhstan

张苹, 吕昭智, 张鑫, 赵想平, 张永光, Gulzhanat Tanabekova, Maisupova Bagila, Adilbayeva Zhanera, 崔志军. 新疆伊犁与哈萨克斯坦新疆野苹果[Malus sieversii (Ledeb.) Roem.]种群年龄结构[J]. 干旱区研究, 2019, 36(4): 844-853.

ZHANG Ping, Lü Zhao-zhi, ZHANG Xin, ZHAO Xiang-ping, ZHNAG Yong-guang, Gulzhanat Tanabekova, Maisupova Bagila, Adilbayeva Zhanera, CUI Zhi-jun. Age Structure of Malus sieversii Population in Ili of Xinjiang and Kazakhstan[J]. Arid Zone Research, 2019, 36(4): 844-853.

参考文献 36

[1]	张新时.伊犁野果林的生态地理特征和群落学问题[J].植物学报，1973，15(2)：239-253.[Zhang Xinshi.On the eco-geographical characters and the problems of classification of the wild fruit tree in the ILI valley of Sinkiang[J].Acta Botanica Sinica,1973,15(2):239-253.]
[2]	阎国荣,许正.中国新疆野生果树研究[M].北京:中国林业出版社,2010:108-109.[Yan Guorong,Xu Zheng.Study on the Wild Fruit Trees in Xinjiang,China[M].Beijing:China Forestry Publishing House,2010:108-109.]
[3]	Volk G. Malus sieversii:Aadiverse central Asian apple apecies in the USDA ARS national plant germplasm system[J].Hortscience,2013,48(12):140-144.
[4]	李飞飞,崔大方,廖文波,等.中国新疆野苹果 [Malus sieversii (Ldb.) Roem.]种群地理分布格局及其遗传关系研究[J].干旱区地理,2011,34(6):926-932.[Li Feifei,Cui Dafang,Liao Wenbo,et al.Geographic distribution pattern and genetic relationship of Malus sieversii (Ldb.) Roem.in China[J].Arid Land Geography,2011,34(6):926-932.]
[5]	羊海军,崔大方,许正,等.中国天山野果林种子植物组成及资源状况分析[J].植物资源与环境学报,2003,12(2):39-45.[Yang Haijun,Cui Dafang,Xu Zheng,et al.Analysis on the components and resource situation of seed plants in the wild fruit forest in Tianshan Mountain in China[J].Journal of Plant Resources and Environment,2003,12(2):39-45.]
[6]	Barbera G,Boschiero P,Latini L,et al.The Wild Apple Forests of the Tien Shan[M].Treviso:Fondazione Benetton Studi Ricerche,2016:25-27.
[7]	刘华,臧润国,丁易,等.天山西部新疆野苹果种群特征[J].林业科学,2010,46(11):1-7.[Liu Hua,Zang Runguo,Ding Yi,et al.Population characteristics of Malus sieversii in the west part of Tianshan Mountains,Xinjiang[J].Scientia Silvae Sinicae,2010,46(11):1-7.]
[8]	傅立国.中国植物红皮书[M].北京：科学出版社，1991.[Fu Liguo.China Plant Red Data Book[M].Beijing:Science Press,1991.]
[9]	Tripathi R S,Khan M L.Regeneration dynamics of natural forests:A review[J].Proceedings of the Indian National Science Academy,2007,73(3):167-195.
[10]	Singh S P,Tewari J C,Yadav S,et al.Population structure of tree species in forests as an indicator of regeneration and future stability[J].Plant Sciences,1986,96(6):443-455.
[11]	Good N F,Good R E.Population dynamics of tree seedlings and saplings in a mature eastern hardwood forest[J].Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club,1972,99(4):172-178.
[12]	李宁,白冰,鲁长虎.植物种群更新限制——从种子生产到幼树建成[J].生态学报,2011,31(21):6 624-6 632.[Li Ning,Bai Bing,Lu Changhu.Recruitment limitation of plant population:From seed production to sapling establishment[J].Acta Ecologica Science,2011,31(21):6 624-6 632.]
[13]	崔晓宁,刘德广,刘爱华.苹果小吉丁虫综合防控研究进展[J].植物保护,2015,41(2):16-23.[Cui Xiaoning,Liu Deguang,Liu Aihua.Research progress in integrated management of Agrilus mali[J].Plant Protection,2015,41(2):16-23.]
[14]	秦伟,沙红,刘立强,等.新疆野苹果资源遗传多样性SSR分析[J].果树学报,2012,29(2):161-165.[Qin Wei,Sha Hong,Liu Liqiang,et al.SSR analysis for genetic diversity of Malus sieversii from Xinjiang,China[J].Journal of Fruit Science,2012,29(2):161-165.]
[15]	赵佩.新疆野苹果 (Malus sieversii)繁殖相关特性及分子系统发育研究[D].天津：天津农学院,2013.[Zhao Pei.Characteres of Reproduction and Molecular Phylogenetic Analysis of Malus sieversii[D].Tianjin:Tianjin Agricultural University,2013.]
[16]	冯涛,张艳敏,陈学森.新疆野苹果居群年龄结构及郁闭度研究[J].果树学报,2007,24(5):571-574.[Feng Tao,Zhang Yanmin,Chen Xuesen.Study on the age structure and density of the wild apple forest of Malus sieversii[J].Journal of Fruit Science,2007,24(5):571-574.]
[17]	刘忠权,董合干,梁巧玲,等.孑遗植物新疆野苹果种群生命表与生存分析[J].干旱区资源与环境,2016,30(10):98-103.[Liu Zhongquan,Dong Hegan,Liang Qiaoling,et al.Life table and survival analysis of relict plant Malus Sieversii population[J].Journal of Arid Land Resources and Environment,2016,30(10):98-103.]
[18]	程功,刘立强,颉刚刚,等.新源野果林主要气象特征和人工更新集雨防草技术研究[J].经济林研究,2018,36(3):127-135,150.[Cheng Gong,Liu Liqiang,Xie Ganggang,et al.Study on the main meteorological characteristics and artificial regeneration raincollection and weedscontrolling techniques of wild fruit forest in Xinyuan[J].Non Wood Forest Research,2018,36(3):127-135,150.
[19]	刘忠权,陈卫民,许正,等.新疆天山西部野苹果林分布与苹果小吉丁虫危害现状研究[J].北方园艺,2014(17):121-124.[Liu Zhonqquan,Chen Weiming,Xu Zheng,et al. Malus Sievers forest distribution and Agrilus mali Matsumura status of damage in the west part of Tianshan Mountains[J].Northern Horticulture,2014(17):121-124.]
[20]	马闯,杨美玲,张云秀,等.新疆野苹果(Malus sieversii)种群年龄结构及其动态特征[J].干旱区研究,2018,35(1):156-164.[Ma Chuang,Yang Meiling,Zhang Yunxiu,et al.Age composition and dynamic characteristics of the main populations of endangered Malus sieversii[J].Arid Zone Research,2018,35(1):156-164.]
[21]	李利平,海鹰,安尼瓦尔·买买提,等.新疆伊犁地区野果林的群落特征及保护[J].干旱区研究,2011,28(1):60-66.[Li Liping,Hai Ying,Anwar Mohammat,et al.Community structure and conservation of wild fruit forests in the Ili valley,Xinjiang[J].Arid Zone Research,2011,28(1):60-66.]
[22]	Mambetov B T,Maisupova B D,Utebekova A D,et al.The observation of apple woods’ natural regeneration in Transili Ala Tau[J].Middle East Journal of Scientific Research,2013,17(11):1 560-1 563.
[23]	Forsline P L,Aldwinckle H S,Dickson E E,et al.Horticultural Reviews:Wild Apple and Fruit Trees of Central Asia,Volume 29[M].New York:Wiley,2010:159-170.
[24]	陈加利,姜喜,韩路.人工林胡杨树高、基径、冠径与胸径的关系分析[J].中国农学通报,2014,30(16):18-21.[Chen Jiali,Jiang Xi,Han Lu.Analysis of relationship among tree height,basal diameter,crown diameter and breast diameter in the Populus euphratica Plantation[J].Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin,2014,30(16):18-21.]
[25]	Khatry Chhetri D B,Fowler G W.Estimating diameter at breast height and basal diameter of trees from stump measurements in Nepal’s lower temperate broadleaved forests[J].Forest Ecology and Management,1996,81(1-3):75-84.
[26]	杨立荣,张治礼,云勇,等.濒危植物海南龙血树的种群结构与动态[J].生态学报,2018,38(8):2 802-2 815.[Yang Lirong,Zhang Zhili,Yun Yong,et al.The population structure and dynamics of Dracaena cambodiana，an endangered tree on Hainan Island[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2018,38(8):2 802-2 815.]
[27]	吴承祯,洪伟,谢金寿,等.珍稀濒危植物长苞铁杉种群生命表分析[J].应用生态学报,2000,11(3):333-336.[Wu Chengzhen,Hong Wei,Xie Jinshou,et al.Life table analysis of Tsuga longibracteata population[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2000,11(3):333-336.]
[28]	张文辉,祖元刚,刘国彬.十种濒危植物的种群生态学特征及致危因素分析[J].生态学报,2002,22(9):1 512-1 520.[Zhang Wenhui,Zu Yuangang,Liu Guobin.Population ecological characteristics and analysis on endangered cause of ten endangered plant species[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2002,22(9):1 512-1 520.]
[29]	刘璐,刘萍,刘双成.新疆野苹果林土壤种子库物种组成及其空间分布特征研究[J].河北林果研究,2015,30(2):146-150.[Liu Lu,Liu Ping,Liu Shuangcheng.Species composition and space distribution characteristic of soil seed bank of Malus Sieversii in Xinjiang[J].Hebei Journal of Forestry and Orchard Research,2015,30(2):146-150.]
[30]	崔志军,张彦龙,罗朝辉,等.苹果小吉丁虫 (Agrilus mali Matsumura)对野苹果林的危害及其评估[J].干旱区研究,2018,35(5):1 153-1 159.[Cui Zhijun,Zhang Yanlong,Luo Zhaohui,et al.Damage of Agrilus mali Matsumura in wild apple forest and its assessment[J].Arid Zone Research,2018,35(5):1 153-1 159.]
[31]	成克武,周晓芳,臧润国,等.新疆野苹果资源保护对策探讨[J].干旱区研究,2008,25(6):760-765.[Cheng Kewu,Zhou Xiaofang,Zang Runguo,et al.Study on the measures of conserving Malus sieversii resources in Xinjiang,China[J].Arid Zone Research,2008,25(6):760-765.]
[32]	李晓笑.中国5种冷杉属植物生态濒危机制研究[D].北京：北京林业大学,2013.[Li Xiaoxiao.Ecological Study on Endangered Mechanism of Five Abies Species in China[D].Beijing： Beijing Foresty University.2013.]
[33]	Traveset A.Effect of seed passage through vertebrate frugivores’guts on germination:A review[J].Perspectives in Plant Ecology Evol System,1998,1(1):151-190.
[34]	Samuels I A,Levey D J.Effects of gut passage on seed germination:Do experiments answer the questions they ask?[J].Functional Ecology,2005,19(2):365-368.
[35]	郭仲军,刘丽艳,张炜银,等.新疆野苹果资源现状分析及前景展望[C]//国际生物多样性计划中国委员会.第七届全国生物多样性保护与持续利用研讨会论文集.北京：气象出版社,2006:54-61.[Guo Zhongjun,Liu Liyan,Zhang Weiyin,et al.Reveiew on the resources status and future development of wild Malus Sievsrsii in Xinjiang[C]//Chinese National Committee for DIVERSITAS.Proceedings of the Seventh National Symposium on the Conservation and Sustainable Use of Biodiversity in China.Beijing:China Meteorological Press,2006:54-61.]
[36]	杨磊,廖康,佟乐,等.影响新疆野苹果种子萌发相关因素研究初报[J].新疆农业科学,2008,45(2):231-235.[Yang Lei,Liao Kang,Tong Le,et al.Primary report on effect of related factor on germination of Malus sieversii (Ledeb.) Rome.seed[J].Xinjiang Agricultural Sciences,2008,45(2):231-235.]