干旱区研究

干旱区研究 ›› 2013, Vol. 30 ›› Issue (6): 1044-1048.

• 植物资源 • 上一篇    下一篇

乌鲁木齐县天然草地毒害植物初步调查及防治对策

阿德力•麦地1，柳妍妍1，古丽努尔2，孔小新2，纳比乌拉2   

  1. （1.中国科学院新疆生态与地理研究所，新疆 乌鲁木齐 830011； 2 .乌鲁木齐县草原工作站，新疆 板房沟 830036）
  • 收稿日期:2012-06-11 修回日期:2013-04-26 出版日期:2013-11-15 发布日期:2013-12-12
  • 作者简介:阿德力?麦地（1964-），男，哈萨克族，副研究员，主要从事草地生态学研究. E-mail： adeli_m@ms.xjb.ac.cn
  • 基金资助:

    巴音布鲁克草原生态研究站；全球环境基金（GEF）新疆草地项目（095F021）

Poisonous Plants in Natural Grasslands in Urumqi County and Their Control Measures

ADELI Maidi1,LIU Yan-yan1,GULI Nuer2,KONG Xiao-xing2,NABI Wula2   

  1. (1. Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011,Xinjiang,China;  2. Urumqi Country Grassland Workstation, Urumqi 830036,Xinjiang,China)
  • Received:2012-06-11 Revised:2013-04-26 Published:2013-11-15 Online:2013-12-12

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摘要： 草地退化的主要原因是气候干旱、超载放牧、鼠害、毒害草入侵等，而毒害草入侵已对各种类型草地构成直接威胁。通过揭示乌鲁木齐县天然草地毒害植物种类的分布，为综合防治草地退化提供科学依据。根据采集的植物标本鉴定结果，该草地主要毒害植物约有46种，分属17科，29属，占该区植物种类的5%；毒害草的分布面积约3.27×104 hm2，占草地总面积的9.83%。主要毒害植物为醉马芨芨（Achnatherum inebrians）、骆驼蓬（Peganum harmala）、苦豆子（Sophora alopecuroides）、马先蒿（Pedicularis sp.）等。这些毒害植物都是多年生草本，繁殖能力极强，生长迅速且植株高大，与矮小的牧草争光、争水、争肥，导致羊茅（Festuca ovina）和冰草（Agropyron cristatum）等牧草大片枯死。因此，根据草地的承载能力，确定理论放牧强度，通过减少家畜数量，采用划区轮牧制度等措施，为优良牧草创造良好的生长发育条件，抑制毒害草的生长，使其从种群中逐渐消失。

关键词: 天然草地, 毒害植物, 防治对策, 乌鲁木齐县

Abstract: Dry climate, overgrazing, damaged by rats and invasion of poisonous grass species are the main causes resulting in a degeneration of grasslands, and poisonous grasses have already resulted in a direct menace to all kinds of grasslands. In order to provide a rational scientific base, the distribution of poisonous grass species in natural grasslands in Urumqi County was studied. According to the identification of plant specimens, there were 46 main poisonous grass species in 29 genera and 17 families in the county, and their proportion was 5% of the total. The distribution area of poisonous plant species was 3.27×104 hm2, and it occupied 9.83% of the total grassland area. The main poisonous grass species included Achnatherum inebrians, Peganum harmala, Anabasis aphylla, Stipa capillata, Sophora alopecuroides, Thermopsis lanceolata and Pedicularis oederi. These poisonous plants were perennial herbs, their reproductive capacity was very strong, their growth was rapid, and these poisonous plants were high and competed sunshine, soil moisture and fertilizer with forages, such as Festuca ovina and Agropyron cristatum, which results in a death of fine forages in large area. Control of the growth of poisonous plants was studied, and some measures were put forward for controlling the poisonous plants. Based on the carrying capacity of the natural grasslands, the theoretical grazing intensity was determined so as to provide the advantageous conditions for regenerating fine forages by reducing the number of livestock, implementing a rotational grazing system, and controlling the growth of poisonous plants.

Key words: natural grassland, poisonous plant, control measure, Urumqi County