非降雨水研究进展

doi:10.13866/j.azr.2023.07.05

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

非降雨水对干旱和半干旱区的水平衡和生态非常重要。本文归纳总结了非降雨水的测量和模拟方法，分析并综述了研究现状。非降雨水是陆气间较小的通量，时空变异强，直接测定存在困难。利用专门的冷凝器可获得可观的结露量。露水研究集中于干旱与半干旱区的站点尺度，雾水研究集中在沿海和山区，水汽吸附研究主要在旱地。非降雨水的收集利用及其对生态环境的影响是研究热点。然而，露水研究较多，雾水和水汽吸附研究明显偏少。同时，自然表面结露、大空间尺度和长期的研究较少。在非降雨水的时空变化规律认识方面存在明显的知识缺口。

关键词: 非降雨水, 露, 雾, 水汽吸附

Abstract:

In dry and semi-arid environments, non-rainfall water is crucial for water balance and ecology and enhances regional water intake. To preserve ecological equilibrium, non-rainfall water may be a crucial water supply. However, owing to the longer wetting period of leaves, non-rainfall water may also contribute to the spread of diseases. This work discusses the measurement and modeling methodologies of dew, fog, and water vapor adsorption, examines the research development of dew, fog, and water vapor adsorption, and does a dynamic analysis of bibliometric hot spots to enhance our knowledge on non-rainfall water. The findings indicate that there is a minor movement of non-rainfall water between the ground and the atmosphere. Utilizing unique condensers will result in significant condensation. Pyramid condensers are more effective in collecting dew than plane condensers. Since non-rainfall water exhibits clear temporal and geographical fluctuation, it is difficult to monitor in real-world settings, which restricts relevant research. The regional focus is on non-rainfall water research. Studies on fog water mostly concentrate on coastal and mountainous locations, whereas studies on dew primarily concentrate on the site scale in arid and semi-arid regions. Water vapor adsorption typically takes place on dry ground. A hub for research on non-rainfall water is the Negev Desert in southern Israel. The focus of this study is on the collection and use of non-rainfall water and its impact on the environment’s ecology. The water cycle and the carbon biogeochemical cycle in arid and semi-arid regions are affected by the interaction between non-rainfall water and biological crust. Recently, the study on the interaction between non-rainfall water and biological crusts has grown radically. Understanding the origins and evolution of coastal fog is crucial to enhance the precision of coastal fog forecasts by considering all relevant meteorological, climatic, and boundary layer factors. The modeling of soil moisture adsorption remains a significant obstacle, nevertheless. Precipitation is less concentrated in heavy isotopes than dew or fog water. The stable isotope technique is a useful tool for researching the ecohydrological impacts of dew and fog water due to the variation in isotope composition. More research has been done on dew than on fog water or soil moisture adsorption. However, extensive regional research is limited, including long-term studies on non-rainfall water or studies on natural surface condensation. Current studies on non-rainfall water are unable to provide a comprehensive grasp of its spatiotemporal variance. Future research must discover and develop new technologies and new methods to collect, observe, and model non-rainfall water on natural surfaces, investigate the large spatial scale and long-term non-rainfall water observation and simulation, and reveal influences of non-rainfall water on the water cycle, eco-hydrology, and climatic change to deepen the understanding of non-rainfall water as a nontraditional water resource.

Key words: non-rainfall water, dew, fog, water vapor adsorption

袁瑞强,李泽君. 非降雨水研究进展[J]. 干旱区研究, 2023, 40(7): 1075-1084.

YUAN Ruiqiang,Li Zejun. Research progress in non-rainfall water: A review[J]. Arid Zone Research, 2023, 40(7): 1075-1084.

图/表 2

表1

露水产量估算模型"

模型	公式	解释
Beysens模型^{[22,42,47,45,49-50]}	$d h d t = 0.37 × 1 + 0.204323 H - 0.0238893 H 2 - 18.0132 - 1.04963 H + 0.21891 H 2 × 10 - 3 T d × 1 - N 8 e x p - u 4.4 20 +, i f p o s i t i v e b T d - T a 0, i f n e g a t i v e$	H是高程；T_d是露点温度；N是云量；u是10 m处风速，u₀=4.4 m·s^-1；T_a是气温；b是T_d-T_a与露水产量的斜率
Beysens模型^{[22,42,47,45,49-50]}	$d h d t = 0.37 × 1 + 0.204323 H - 0.0238893 H 2 - 18.0132 - 1.04963 H + 0.21891 H 2 × 10 - 3 T d × 1 - N 8 T d + 273.15 285 4 +, i f p o s i t i v e 0.06 T d - T a × [1 + 100 × (1 - e x p [- u u 0 20])] 0, i f n e g a t i v e$
能量平衡模型^[34,51-52]	$d T c d t C c m c + C w m w + C i m i = P r a d + P c o n d + P c o n v + P l a t$	dT_c/dt是冷凝器温度的变化率；C_c、C_w和C_i是冷凝器、水和冰的比热容；m_c、m_w和m_i是冷凝器、水和冰的质量；P_rad是进出辐射；P_cond是冷凝器表面与地面之间的传导热交换；P_conv是对流热交换；P_lat是水的冷凝释放的潜热
能量平衡模型^[34,51-52]	$d T c d t C c m c + C w m w = P r a d + P c o n d + P c o n v + P l a t$
PM方程^[23,27,36]	$λ E = S R n - G + ρ a × C p × δ e × g a γ + S$	R_n是净辐射；G是土壤热通量；δ_e是水蒸汽压差；ρ_a是空气密度；C_p是空气热容；S是蒸汽压与温度曲线的斜率；γ是湿度常数；g_a是蒸汽传导率；Δ是饱和蒸汽压随温度的增加；C_n和C_d是随参考类型和计算时间步长而变化的常数；U₂是2 m处风速；e_s是饱和蒸汽压；e_a是实际蒸汽压
	$λ E = S R n - G γ + S$
	$λ E = 0.408 Δ R n - G + γ C n T + 273 U 2 e s - e a Δ + γ 1 + C d U 2$
波文比能量平衡模型^[39]	$λ E = R n - G 1 + γ Δ T Δ e α$	R_n是净辐射；G是土壤热通量；γ是湿度常数；ΔT和Δe_a分别是温度和蒸汽压差

表1

表2

近年的露水产量研究"

地点	气温/℃	降水量/mm	时间/年-月	植被	方法	露量
中国科学院伊犁流域^[28] （43°20′N，84°00′E，1157 m）	-	200~800	2021-07—2021-08； 2021-09—2021-10	禾本科、豆科、菊科	布板法	2.50 mm 0.05 mm·d^-1
甘肃省白银市平埠村^[32] （36°25′N，104°25′E，1461 m）	8.9	238	2018-04—2018-09；2019-04—2019-09；2020-04—2020-09	玉米	叶片湿度传感器	0.10 mm·d^-1
维科萨联邦大学^[42] （20°77′S，42°87′W，665 m）	-	-	2018-08—2018-10	-	冷凝器	0.05~0.15 mm·d^-1
甘肃省河西走廊黑河流域^[70-71] （39°24′N，100°07′E，1405 m）	7.6	117	2016-06—2016-10	灌木、草本物种	微蒸渗仪	0.06 mm·d^-1
肯尼亚马克陶^[34] （3°25′S，38°08′E，1060 m）	-	-	2016-04—2017-03	-	冷凝器（PVC、PE、OPUR）	0.07~0.10 mm·d^-1 18.90~25.30 mm
古尔班通古特沙漠^[46] （44°48′N，85°33′E）	6.6	70~180	2015-08—2018-12	生物结皮	叶片湿度传感器	0.10 mm·d^-1 12.21 mm·a^-1
中国宁夏-北京林业大学^[36] （37°42′N，107°14′E，1530 m）	8.3	291	2015-05—2015-12	黑沙蒿和北沙柳	叶片湿度传感器、PM	0~0.04 mm·d^-1
陕西省三元县^[72] （34°33'N，108°54'E，420 m）	13.6	533	2014-01—2016-12	-	叶片湿度传感器	0~0.88 mm·d^-1 32.80 mm·a^-1
内蒙古多伦县^[30] （42°04′N，116°32′E，1318 m）	1.6	385	2014-07—2014-10	榆树林，草原	称重法	0.12 mm·d^-1 0.24 mm·d^-1
黎巴嫩贝特丁^[22] （920 m）	-	-	2014-03—2014-10； 2013-07—2013-10	-	冷凝器（PE）	0.13 mm·d^-1
马达加斯加西南沿海^[73] （24°04′S，43°42′E，10 m）	24.0	360	2013-04—2014-09	稀疏的草	天平称重	0.12 mm·d^-1
巴丹吉兰沙漠^[39] （39°21′N，100°07′E，1374 m）	7.6	117	2013-06—2013-10	灌木为主，梭梭林	微蒸渗仪	16.10 mm 0.13 mm·d^-1
毛乌素沙漠^[74] （37°42′N，107°13′E，1530 m）	8.1	292	2012-04—2012-10	黑沙蒿	涡度相关	0.05 mm·d^-1
墨西哥哈利斯科州^[75] （21°46′N，101°36′W，2240 m）	15.1	424	2011-01—2016-12	草原，格兰马草	PM	0.20 mm·d^-1 16.50~69.00 mm·a^-1
西班牙卡塔赫纳技术大学^[44] （37°41′N，0°57′W，30 m）	17.5	350	2011-01—2012-01	-	冷凝器 A级盘	17.42 mm·a^-1 7.84 mm·a^-1
塔克拉玛干沙漠^[37] （40°28′N，87°51′E，842 m）	11.5	35	2011-06—2011-10	杨树林	涡度相关	0.12 mm·d^-1 12.87 mm.
中国科学院三江平原^[76] （47°35'N，133°31'E，56 m）	1.9	550~600	2010-05—2010-10	黄杨、苔草、大豆、水稻	冷凝器	4.25~30.18 mm
河北石家庄栾城^[77] （37°31′N，114°24′E，50 m）	12.8	366~598	2008-04—2008-09；2009-04—2009-09；2010-04—2010-09	小麦、玉米	涡度相关	7.61 mm·a^-1
中国临泽内河流域研究站^[29] （39°21′N，100°07′E）	7.6	-	2008-08—2008-09； 2007-01—2007-12	灌木	布板法	0.05~0.06 mm·d^-1
西班牙阿尔梅里亚^[52] （36°56′N，2°01'W，208 m）	18.0	220	2007-01—2010-12	草原	叶片湿度传感器和PM	182.00 mm 0.15 mm·d^-1
印度科塔拉^[78] （23°14′N，68°45′E，21 m）	-	300	2004-10—2005-05	-	冷凝屋顶（18 m²）	6.30 mm 0.09 mm·d^-1
荷兰瓦赫宁根大学^[41] （51°58′N，5°38′E，7 m）	-	-	2003-12—2005-05	多年生黑麦草和普通早熟禾	冷凝器（OPUR、PVC）	0.10~0.20 mm·d^-1

表2

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