为探究不同土壤微生物群落特征对放牧强度响应的差异性，选取天山北坡中段不同放牧强度的草地为研究区域，通过野外调查与室内分析，探讨土壤微生物群落特征随放牧强度的变化规律及其与土壤因子的内在关联。结果表明：放线菌门（Actinobacteria）和子囊菌门（Ascomycota）分别为细菌和真菌的优势菌门。与重度放牧相比，轻度放牧显著提升了微生物群落的α多样性（P<0.05），并促进了土壤微生物生物量碳、氮、磷含量的积累。冗余分析与Mantel检验表明，土壤微生物群落特征与土壤全氮呈正相关，与土壤容重呈负相关（P<0.05）。结构方程模型显示，放牧通过增加容重和降低土壤养分对微生物的多样性、丰富度、生物量及OTUs特征产生负向影响（P<0.05），且微生物群落多样性对放牧的响应具有更高的敏感性。综上，轻度放牧有利于改善微生物群落，合理调控放牧强度是保障微生物群落稳定发展的可行策略。

To explore the differences in the responses of different soil microbial community characteristics to grazing intensity, grasslands with different grazing intensities in the middle section of the northern slopes of Tianshan Mountains were selected as a focus for this study. Combining field investigation and indoor analysis, the changing patterns of soil microbial community characteristics with grazing intensity and their intrinsic correlation with soil factors were analyzed. The results showed that Actinobacteria and Ascomycota were the dominant phyla of bacteria and fungi, respectively. Compared with the findings upon heavy grazing, light grazing significantly increased the alpha diversity of microbial communities (P<0.05) and promoted the accumulation of soil microbial biomass carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus contents. Redundancy analysis and Mantel test showed that the soil microbial community characteristics were positively correlated with the soil total nitrogen and negatively correlated with the soil bulk density (P<0.05). Furthermore, the structural equation model showed that grazing negatively impacted the microbial diversity, richness, biomass, and OTUs characteristics by increasing the bulk density and reducing the soil nutrients (P<0.05). Compared with other indicators, soil microbial community diversity was more sensitive to grazing. In summary, light grazing is conducive to improving the microbial community, and reasonable regulation of grazing intensity is a feasible strategy to ensure the stable development of microbial communities.