大气降水是新疆一切水资源的根本来源，空中水资源是大气降水的物质基础，大气降水在当地形成地表水资源。水资源短缺是制约新疆经济社会高质量发展和生态安全保障的最关键自然因素。本文分析新疆空中水资源和地表水资源的变化特征，对新疆水资源系统规划和高效利用具有重要的科学意义。结果显示：1961—2022年新疆年降水资源量为2717.12×10⁸ m³，水汽输入量为21115×10⁸ m³，水汽净收支量为347.5×10⁸ m³，水汽降水效率为12.5%；2001—2021年新疆平均水资源总量为912.3×10⁸ m³，其中地表水资源量为864.1×10⁸ m³，产水系数为0.32。从变化趋势来看，1961—2022年新疆年降水量明显增加，新疆上空水汽总输入量和总输出量微弱减少，水汽净收支量微弱增加，水汽降水效率明显增加；2001—2021年新疆地表水资源处于丰水阶段，但产水系数有微弱的波动减小趋势。新疆水资源问题依然突出，在不同水资源精细化特征、不同相态水体转化关系等方面研究不足，未来需要加强研究以应对气候变化可能带来的新疆水资源安全风险。

The scarcity of water resources is the most critical natural factor impeding high-quality economic and social development and ecological security in Xinjiang. This paper systematically analyzes trends in precipitation, atmospheric water resources, and surface water resources in Xinjiang. It also establishes the conversion relationship between different water resources in Xinjiang. The findings reveal that annual precipitation water resources amount to 2717.12×10⁸ m³, with water vapor input reaching 21115×10⁸ m³, resulting in a net water vapor income of 347.5×10⁸ m³. Between 1961 and 2022, Xinjiang experienced a 12.5% increase in precipitation conversion. The annual total water resources in Xinjiang is 912.3×10⁸ m³, where surface water resources constituted 864.1×10⁸ m³ from 2001 to 2020, resulting in a water yield coefficient of 0.32. The observed trends show a significant increase in annual precipitation in Xinjiang, a slight decrease in total water vapor input, a marginal increase in net water vapor income, and a significant increase in precipitation conversion between 1961 and 2022. Although surface water resources in Xinjiang are abundant, the water yield coefficient exhibited a weak fluctuating decreasing trend from 2001 to 2020. Nevertheless, prominent issues persist in water resources research in Xinjiang, including insufficient studies on precipitation water resource volumes, understanding of cloud water resource characteristics, and continuous monitoring of the physical process of cloud precipitation. To address these challenges, it is imperative to conduct comprehensive scientific field experiments on cloud precipitation physics, including strengthening research on the physical processes of cloud precipitation, refining cloud water resource assessments, and examining precipitation efficiency and water increase effects within typical cloud systems. These studies will aid in developing cloud water resources and air-groundwater resources joint control technology for arid areas.