The Gurbantunggut Desert, significantly influenced by westerly circulation, is a major source of sand and dust in the arid zone of Central Asia. However, debates persist regarding climatic dry-wet fluctuations and aeolian sand changes in the desert throughout the Holocene. This study focuses on two representative dune (sand ridge) profiles located at the southern edge of the desert. Optically stimulated luminescence dating was employed to establish an age scale for these profiles. We analyzed the particle size of wind deposits, the content of trace elements, and the ratios of these elements as environmental proxies to extract information on paleoclimate changes recorded in the dune depositional sequences. The findings indicate significant alterations in paleoclimate and the intensity of wind and sand activities since the Late Holocene in the study area. Between approximately 4.71 and 2.15 ka, the climate fluctuated between warm and cold periods, characterized by aridity and minimal precipitation, alongside notable variations in wind and sand activity. From 2.15 to 0.75 ka, the climate transitioned to a warmer and wetter state, accompanied by a decline in wind and sand activity. In the period from 0.75 ka to the present, strong wind and sand activities were observed during the early Little Ice Age, followed by a shift toward a warmer and drier climate in subsequent years. The temperature changes in the study area generally align with global trends. However, humidity fluctuations and variations in aeolian activity intensity exhibit distinct regional characteristics.