水土流失是黄土高原最严重的生态问题,正确评估黄土高原土壤保持生态效益具有重大意义。以榆林市为研究对象,采用生态系统服务和交易的综合评估模型(InVEST),对2000—2010年榆林市土壤保持生态效益进行了评估,明确了10 a土壤保持生态效益的演变规律及空间格局特点。结果表明:① 2000—2010年,榆林市土壤保持量呈先减少后增加的特点,土壤保持生态效益呈现持续减少的趋势,多年平均土壤保持生态效益为1.19×1011元,无论是土壤保持量还是土壤保持效益,神木县均最大,吴堡县最小。② 榆林市土壤保持生态效益大致呈现西北高东南低的空间分布格局,河流中上游地区土壤保持生态效益比下游地区高,北部6县远远高于南部6县。③ 土壤保持量和保持效益的高低与流域内部地形地貌因素、土地利用方式、土壤理化性质、生态系统类型、植被覆盖以及国土面积有很大关系,尤其是国土面积的大小对土壤保持总量和效益影响较大,这也是南部6县总量上偏小的重要原因。
As is well known to all that water and soil loss is the most serious ecological problems in the Loess Plateau, so it is of great significance to evaluate ecological benefits of soil conservation. Taking Yulin as an example, InVEST model was used to evaluate ecological benefits of soil conservation of Yulin city from 2000 to 2010 in the paper. And its evolution law and spatial pattern characteristics has been found. The results showed that: ① From 2000 to 2010, it has showed that the soil conservation quantity increased firstly and then decreased, and the soil conservation ecological benefit had a declining trend. For the annual mean soil conservation ecological benefits, it had more than 1.19×1011 billion yuan. Both soil conservation quantity and soil conservation benefits, Shenmu County was the biggest, and Wubu County was the minimal. ② The soil conservation ecological benefit space distribution in Yulin exhibited a decreasing trend from northwest to southeast and the value of river upstream and midstream is higher than downstream. The value of northern six counties was much higher than that of southern counties. ③ Soil conservation quantity and its ecological benefit had obvious difference, which difference may attribute to several factors as topography, land-use pattern, soil physical and chemical properties, ecosystem type and vegetation cover, as well as land area. Especially, the size of the land area had a great effect on both the total soil conservation quantity and soil conservation ecological benefit. That was why the total of the six counties in the south was smaller than north.
〔1〕 任华国.略论黄土高原水土保持的战略意义〔J〕.生态经济,1993(3):16-24.〔Ren Huaguo.Study on the strategie signifleance of water and conservation of Loess Plateau〔J〕.Ecological Economy,1993(3):16-24.〕
〔2〕 Costanza R,d’Arge R,Groot R De,et al.The value of the world’s ecosystem services and natural capital〔J〕.Nature,1997,387(6 630):253-260.
〔3〕 肖玉,谢高地,安凯.青藏高原生态系统土壤保持功能及其价值〔J〕.生态学报,2003,23(11):2 367-2 378.〔Xiao Yu,Xie Gaodi,An Kai.The function and economic value of soil conservation of ecosystems in Qinghai-Tibet Plateau〔J〕.Acta Ecologica Sinica,2003,23(11):2 367-2 378.〕
〔4〕 谢高地,鲁春霞,冷允法,等.青藏高原生态资产的价值评估〔J〕.自然资源学报,2003,18(2):189-195.〔Xie Gaodi,Lu Chunxia,Leng Yunfa,et al.Progress in evaluation the global ecosystem services〔J〕.Resources Science,2003,18(2):189-195.〕
〔5〕 王继国,金海龙,靳万贵.艾比湖湿地自然保护区土壤保持生态功能及价值评价〔J〕.干旱区地理,2008,31(1):135-141.〔Wang Jiguo,Jin Hailong,Jin Wangui.Evaluation of soil conservation eco-function and eco-value of the Ebinur Lake Wetland Natural Reserve District in Xinjiang〔J〕.Arid Land Geography,2008,31(1):135-141.〕
〔6〕 任志远,刘焱序.西北地区植被保持土壤效应评估〔J〕.资源科学,2013,35(3):610-617.〔Ren Zhiyuan,Liu Yanxu.Estimating the ecological effect of soil conservation by vegetation in Northwest China〔J〕.Resources Science,2013,35(3):610-617.〕
〔7〕 吴楠,高吉喜,苏德毕力格,等.不同土地利用/覆被情景下生态系统减轻水库泥沙淤积的服务能力与经济价值模拟〔J〕.生态学报,2009,29(11):5 912-5 922.〔Wu Nan,Gao Jixi,Sudebilige,et al.Evaluation on ecosystem service of avoided reservoir sedimentation and its economic value under different land use/cover scenarios〔J〕.Acta Ecologica Sinica,2009,29(11):5 912-5 922.〕
〔8〕 周自翔,任志远,李晶.秦巴山区植被土壤保持生态价值研究〔J〕.干旱区研究,2006,23(1):144-148.〔Zhou Zixiang,Ren Zhiyuan,Li Jing.Study on the ecological value of soil conservation of vegetation in the Qinling-Daba Mountains〔J〕.Arid Zone Research,2006,23(1):144-148.〕
〔9〕 张伟,李晶.关中—天水经济区土地生态系统水土保持价值〔J〕.干旱区研究,2013,30(6):1 136-1 143.〔Zhang Wei,Li Jing.Value of water and soil conservation in land ecosystem in the Guanzhong-Tianshui Economic Zone〔J〕.Arid Zone Research,2013,30(6):1 136-1 143.〕
〔10〕 杨园园,戴尔阜,付华.基于InVEST模型的生态系统服务功能价值评估研究框架〔J〕.首都师范大学学报:自然科学版,2012,33(3):41-47.〔Yang Yuanyuan,Dai Erfu,Fu Hua.The assessment framework of ecosystem service value based on InVEST model〔J〕.Journal of Capital Normal University:Nature Science Edition,2012,33(3):41-47.〕
〔11〕 盛莉,金艳,黄敬峰.中国水土保持生态服务功能价值估算及其空间分布〔J〕.自然资源学报,2010,25(7):1 105-1 113.〔Sheng Li,Jin Yan,Huang Jingfeng.Value estmiation of conserving water and soil of ecosystem in China〔J〕.Journal of Natural Resources,2010,25(7):1 105-1 113.〕
〔12〕 周彬,余新晓,陈丽华,等.基于InVEST模型的北京山区土壤侵蚀模拟〔J〕.水土保持研究,2010,17(6):9-13.〔Zhou Bin,Yu Xinxiao,Chen Lihua,et al.Soil erosion simulation in mountain areas of Beijing based on InVEST model〔J〕.Research of Soil and Water Conservation,2010,17(6):9-13.〕
〔13〕 和瑞莉,李静,张石娃.黄河流域泥沙密度试验研究〔J〕.人民黄河,1999,21(3):5-8.〔He Ruili,Li Jing,Zhang Shiwa.Experimental study of sediment density in the Yellow River Basin〔J〕.Yellow River,1999,21(3):5-8.〕
〔14〕 Diodato N,Bellocchi G.Estimating monthly(R) USLE climate input in a Mediterranean region using limited data〔J〕.Journal of Hydrology,2007,345(3):224-236.
〔15〕 高海东,李占斌,李鹏,等.梯田建设和淤地坝淤积对土壤侵蚀影响的定量分析〔J〕.地理学报,2012,67(5):599-608.〔Gao Haidong,Li Zhanbin,Li Peng,et al.Influences of terrace construction and check dam silting-up on soil erosion〔J〕.Acta Geographica Sinica,2012,67(5):599-608.〕
〔16〕 Tallis H T,Richketts T,Nelson E,et al.InVEST 1.005 Beta User’s Guide〔M〕.Stanford:The Natural Capital Project,2010.
〔17〕 潘美慧,伍永秋,任斐鹏,等.基于USLE的东江流域土壤侵蚀量估算〔J〕.自然资源学报,2010,25(12):2 154-2 164.〔Pan Meihui,Wu Yongqiu,Ren Feipeng,et al.Estimating soil erosion in the Dongjiang River basin based on USLE〔J〕.Journal of Natural Resources,2010,25(12):2 154-2 164.〕
