运用陇东南旱作区林果主产区天水市1981—2010年气象资料及1998—2010年物候资料, 利用FAO Penman-Monteith公式及作物系数,建立了估算果树水分利用程度的水分适宜度计算模型,计算了1981—2010年果树全生育期及各生育阶段的水分适宜度。结果表明:在气候变暖背景下,陇东南旱作区果树生长不同时段干旱中,以春旱发生频率最高,且呈加重趋势。30 a来,果树全生育期水分适宜度均呈下降趋势,其中葡萄、苹果水分条件最优,水分适宜度年平均值＞0.50,降水满足果树生理需水;大樱桃、桃水分适宜度较低,分别为0.41和0.47,果树生理需水不能得到有效供给。初始生长期水分适宜度均呈下降趋势,葡萄水分适宜度较高,在0.8以上,其次为苹果,桃、大樱桃均不及0.40,水分供需矛盾突出。旺盛生长阶段葡萄、苹果21世纪初期水分适宜度出现增高趋势,果树生理需水得到有效改善;而桃及大樱桃水分适宜性较差,特别是大樱桃,下降趋势明显,21世纪初期水分适宜度仅为0.31,水分亏缺较多,因春旱的加剧导致的水分胁迫增强。生长后期果树水分适宜度呈上升趋势,葡萄为1.2～2.0,水分充盈;苹果在1.0左右,适宜;大樱桃、桃水分适宜度也在0.5以上,基本可以满足作物生理需水。利用建立的水分适宜度模型,可对陇东南旱作区果树环境气候进行评价,为当地特色林果种植区划及科学管理提供依据。
Basing on the fruit trees’ phonological observation data from 1998 to 2010 and meteorological data from 1981 to 2010 in main planting regions in the dryland area of southeast Gansu, the model of water suitability for fruit trees growing was set up with the FAO Penman-Monteith formula (1998 edition) and crop coefficient, the water requirement of fruit trees in different growth periods from 1981 to 2010 was calculated. The results showed that the drought in spring appeared more and more severe compared with other seasons during the period of fruit growing since 1980s.The water suitability of whole growth periods decreased with the time under the background of climate warming, the water supply to apple and grape was under good conditions, which annual mean water suitability was above 0.50; the water supply to big cherry and peach was under bad conditions, which annual mean water suitability was 0.41 and 0.47, respectively. The water suitability for 4 kinds of fruit trees decreased at the initial growth stage. The grape was with an optimal moisture condition, followed by apple. The water suitability of big cherry and peach was less than 0.40 since 2010s, and the contradiction was marked between supply and demand of water during initial growing of big cherry. The water suitability of grape and apple increased at the vigorous growth stage since 2010s. The amount of water requirement for peach and big cherry in fruit trees growing was lacking, and the water suitability of big cherry was only 0.31, with increased water stress because of the spring drought. The water suitability increased basically at the last growth stage, and the precipitation was more than the amount of water requirement for grape with the water suitability of above 1.0, 1.0 for apple. The precipitation was suitable for apple; it was above 0.5 for big cherry and peach. The precipitation could also satisfy requirement. The established model can assess the environmental climate of fruit trees and provide scientific suggestion for planting regions of fruit trees in the dryland area of southeast Gansu.
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