准确把握昆仑山北坡不同类型暴雨的物理量特征和环流配置对精准预报至关重要。本文基于2016—2024年自动气象站观测数据、探空数据及ERA-5再分析资料，将昆仑山北坡暴雨区分为短时暴雨、非短时暴雨和混合暴雨，并对比分析了三类暴雨的气候特征、物理量参数和天气系统配置。结果表明：（1） 2016—2024年夏季，昆仑山北坡的非短时暴雨最多（66 d），混合暴雨（43 d）次之，短时暴雨（42 d）最少；昆仑山北坡暴雨的空间分布存在纬向差异，其西段暴雨的范围明显大于中段，其中西段为短时暴雨高发区，中段为非短时暴雨和混合暴雨高发区；昆仑山北坡三类暴雨日数的月峰值出现时间不同，非短时暴雨和混合暴雨在8月最多，短时暴雨在7月最多；三类暴雨的垂直分布也存在差异性，混合暴雨随海拔升高而增加，短时暴雨和非短时暴雨随海拔升高先增加后减少。（2） 昆仑山北坡三类暴雨的主要影响系统均为中亚低槽，三类暴雨均发生在高空急流入口区右侧的辐散场中，高层强烈辐散为三类暴雨提供了有利的垂直上升运动；在短时暴雨中，南亚高压呈青藏高压型，低层东风较弱，未形成塔里木东风低空急流，低层系统性动力抬升作用较弱，暴雨易在热力条件好的区域产生；在非短时（混合）暴雨中，南亚高压呈伊朗高压（双体）型；南支水汽充沛，低层有塔里木东风低空急流配合，多股气流在暴雨区交汇，强迫抬升作用显著，有利于在迎风坡形成暴雨。（3） 三类暴雨的不稳定参数和垂直风切变差异较大，短时暴雨的不稳定参数显著高于其他两类；短时暴雨（非短时暴雨）以中等强度（弱）深层垂直风切变为主，降水主要由对流云（层状云）产生；混合暴雨的深层垂直风切变强度介于两者之间，兼具对流云与层状云降水的特征。

Accurate weather forecasting in the Kunlun Mountains relies on accurate determination of the physical-quantity characteristics and atmospheric circulation of different types of rainstorms on the northern slope of the mountains. This paper newly classifies the rainstorms on the northern slope of the Kunlun Mountains into short-term rainstorms, non-short-term rainstorms, and mixed rainstorms. The climatic characteristics, physical quantity parameters, and synoptic system configurations of these three rainstorm types are comparatively analyzed using data from ground automatic weather stations, conventional sounding data, and ERA-5 reanalysis data collected from 2016 to 2024. The results show that (1) rainstorms on the northern slope of the Kunlun Mountains are dominated by non-short-term rainstorms in summer, most frequently by nonshort-term rainstorms and mixed rainstorms in August and by short-term rainstorms in July. As the elevation increases, the frequency of mixed rainstorms increases while the frequencies of short-term rainstorms and non-short-term rainstorms increase and then decline. The range of rainstorms is wider in the western section than in the central section of the northern slope of the Kunlun Mountains. The western section experiences many short-term rainstorms whereas the central section experiences a high incidence of non-short-term and mixed rainstorms. (2) The South Asia High presents a Qinghai-Xizang high pattern during short-term rainstorms, an Iran high pattern during non-short-term rainstorms, and a two-center pattern during mixed rainstorms. All three rainstorm types occur to the right of the entrance zone of the upper level jet streams, where strong divergence and rising motion occur. (3) The rainstorms are dominantly influenced by the Central Asian trough system. During the short-term rainstorms, the Tarim easterly low level jet is not formed and the systematic dynamic uplift effect is relatively weak. Therefore, such rainstorms will more likely occur in areas with good thermal conditions. Non-short-term and mixed rainstorms are accompanied by abundant water vapor transported by the southern path and the formation of a strong Tarim easterly low level jet. The substantial forced-uplift effect facilitates rainstorm formation on the windward slope. (4) The water vapor conditions negligibly differ among the three types of rainstorms but the instability parameters are significantly higher during short-term rainstorms than during the other rainstorm types. The intensity of the deep vertical wind shear is typically moderate (weak) during short-term rainstorms (non-short-term rainstorms) and the short-term (non-short-term) precipitation is mainly generated by convective (stratiform) clouds. The deep vertical wind-shear intensity of mixed rainstorms is between those of the short-term and non-short-term rainstorms and is characterized by convective-cloud and stratiform-cloud precipitation.