氮素对作物生长有着重要的作用。氮肥的施用量逐年增长,自20世纪90年代后,中国的氮盈余量保持在3.60×106~5.46×106 t ·a-1。氮肥的利用不但决定作物的长势,同时对环境也带来了较大的影响。采用离子交换树脂法,对土壤中的硝态氮和铵态氮进行原位测定,较为准确地反映了土壤硝态氮和铵态氮的迁移、淋溶和转化等动力特性。研究表明:① 埋置土壤中的离子树脂解吸液中各养分的含量均在合理的常规化学检测范围内。② 在棉花生育期内,施肥和棉花生长对土壤硝态氮影响较大,施肥会显著提高土壤硝态氮的含量,而在棉花出苗80 d前后土壤硝态氮有明显亏缺。③ 滴灌棉田土壤铵态氮的含量较低,其时空变化较为复杂,无明显规律,作为施肥参考作用不大。
Nitrogen is of vital important in crop growth.Nitrogen application amount was increased year by year,and the annual surplus of nitrogen in China was 3.60×106-5.46×106 t·a-1.The nitrogen application affects not only crop growth,but also environment.Nitrate nitrogen and ammonium nitrogen in soil were observed by ion exchange resin membrane (IERM) in situ.The test results revealed the dynamic changes of nitrate nitrogen and ammonium nitrogen in soil,such as the migration,eluviation and transformation.The results are as follows:① The nutrient content of eluate of ion exchange resin membrane embedded in soil was similar to that obtained with the traditional test methods; ② Soil nitrate nitrogen was remarkably affected by cotton growth and nitrogen application.Nitrogen application could significantly improve the content of soil nitrate nitrogen,and a deficit of soil nitrate nitrogen occurred around 80 days after the emergence of cotton seedlings; ③ The content of soil ammonium nitrogen in cotton field under drip irrigation was low,its spatiotemporal change was complicated,and the reference value of the content of soil ammonium nitrogen for fertilization was low.
〔1〕 李鹏程,董合林,刘爱忠,等.施氮量对棉花功能叶片生理特性、氮素利用效率及产量的影响〔J〕.植物营养与肥料学报,2015,21(1):81-91.〔Li Pengcheng,Dong Helin,Liu Aizhong,et al.Effects of nitrogen application rates on physiological characteristics of functional leaves,nitrogen use efficiency and yield of cotton〔J〕.Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer,2015,21(1):81-91.〕
〔2〕 唐晓清,肖云华,王康才,等.氮素营养对苗期菘蓝叶中硝酸还原酶活性与矿质元素吸收的影响〔J〕.西北植物学报,2013,33(9):1 851-1 858.〔Tang Xiaoqing,Xiao Yunhua,Wang Kangcai,et al.Effect of nitrogen nutrition on nitrate reductase activity and mineral elements absorption of isatis indigotica fort.at seeding stage〔J〕.Acta Botanica Borealia-Occidentalia Sinina,2013,33(9):1 851-1 858.〕
〔3〕 Costa J M,Bollero G A,Coale F J.Early Season Nitrate Accumulation in Winter Wheat〔J〕.Journal of Plant Nutrition,2000,23(6):134-142.
〔4〕 杨宪龙,路永莉,同延安,等.长期施氮和秸秆还田对小麦-玉米轮作体系土壤氮素平衡的影响〔J〕.植物营养与肥料学报,2013,19(1):65-73.〔Yang Xianlong,Lu Yongli,Tong Yanan,et al.Effects of long-term N application and straw returning on N budget under wheat-maize rotation system〔J〕.Journal of Plant nutrition and Fertilizer,2013,19(1):65-73.〕
〔5〕 党廷辉,郭胜利,郝明德.黄土旱塬长期施肥下硝态氮深层累积的定量研究〔J〕.水土保持研究,2003,10(1):58-60.〔Dang Tinghui,Guo Shengli,Hao Mingde.The amount and ratio of NO3--N accumulation under long-term fertilization in dry highland of Loess Plateau〔J〕.Research of Soil and Water Conservation,2003,10(1):58-60.〕
〔6〕 吴金水,郭胜利,党廷辉.半干旱区农田土壤无机氮积累与迁移机理〔J〕.生态学报,2003,23(10):2 040-2 042.〔Wu Jingshui,Guo Shengli,Dang Tinghui.Mechanisms in the accumulation and movement of mineral N in soil profiles of farming land in semi-arid region〔J〕.Acta Ecologica Sinica,2003,23(10):2 040-2 042.〕
〔7〕 孙克刚,张学斌,吴政卿,等.长期施肥对不同类型土壤中作物产量及土壤剖面硝态氮累积的影响〔J〕.华北农学报,2001,16(3):105-109.〔Sun Kegang,Zhang Xuebin,Wu Zhengqing,et al.Effect of long-term and different measures of fertilizer applications on crop yield and accumulation of NO-3-N in the profile of three major soils〔J〕.Acta Agriculturae Boreali-Sinica,2001,16(3):105-109.〕
〔8〕 Halvorson A D,Brian J Wienhold,Black A L.Tillage and nitrogen fertilization influence crain and soil nitrogen in an annual cropping system〔J〕.Agronomy Journal,2001,93:836-841.
〔9〕 K K T.Are differences in root growth of nitrogen catch crops important for their ability to reduce soil nitrate content,and how can this be measured?〔J〕.Plant and Soil,2001,239:185-195.
〔10〕赵允格,邵明安.模拟降雨条件下成垄压实对硝态氮迁移的影响〔J〕.植物营养与肥料学报,2003,9(1):45-49.〔Zhao Yunge,Shao Mingan.Study on nitrogen movement under localized compaction and ridge tillage by use of artificial rainfall〔J〕.Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer Science,2003,9(1):45-49.〕
〔11〕李清荣,王正银,李泽碧,等.离子交换树脂膜测定肥料养分在土壤中的变化〔J〕.农业工程学报,2007,23(2):71-76.〔Li Qingrong,Wang Zhengyin,Li Zebi,et al.Assessment of changes of fertilizer nutrient in soil by ion exchange resin membrane method〔J〕.Transactions of the CSAE,2007,23(2):71-76.〕
〔12〕李清荣,王正银,胡小凤,等.应用离子交换树脂法评价缓释复合肥料供肥特性的研究〔J〕.植物营养与肥料学报,2006,12(6):887-895.〔Li Qingrong,Wang Zhengyin,Hu Xiaofeng,et al.Assessing mutrient supplying characteristics of slow-release-compound fertilizer by ion exchange resin membrane〔J〕.Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer Science,2006,12(6):887-895.〕
〔13〕燕亚飞,田野,方升佐,等.不同结构杨树人工林的外源无机氮输入量及土壤无机氮库研究〔J〕.南京林业大学学报:自然科学版,2015,39(4):29-38.〔Yan Yafei,Tian Ye,Fang Shengzuo,et al.External nitrogen input and soil in organic nitrogen pool in different stands of poplar plantations〔J〕.Journal of Nanjing Forestry:Natural Science Edition,2015,39(4):29-38.〕
〔14〕李生秀,付会芳,肖俊璋,等.几种测氮方法在反映旱地土壤供氮能力方面的效果〔J〕.干旱地区农业研究,1992,10(2):72-81.〔Li Shengxiu,Fu Huifang,Xiao Junzhang,et al.The effectiveness of sereral methods derterming soil available or potentially available N in reflecting dryland soil N supply-capacities〔J〕.Agricultural Research in the Arid Areas,1992,10(2):72-81.〕
〔15〕王虎,王旭东,杨莹.滴灌施肥条件下土壤铵氮分布规律的研究〔J〕.干旱地区农业研究,2006,24(1):51-55.〔Wang Hu,Wang Xudong,Yang Ying.Distribution pattern of NH+4-N in soil under dripping irrigation and fertilization〔J〕.Agricultural Research in the Arid Areas,2006,24(1):51-55.〕
