在黄河流域生态保护和高质量发展的背景下，被誉为“湿岛”的六盘山区，其生态系统产水服务对于干旱黄土高原的重要性愈发凸显。通过建立适用于山区的生态系统产水服务供给与需求量评估方法，结合InVEST模型、供需匹配度指数等方法，在时间和空间维度系统评估该区生态系统产水服务供需关系的多维分异特征。结果表明：近30 a六盘山区生态系统产水服务供给量和需求量均呈现先减后增的趋势，其中东南山区供给量变幅最大（13.1%），北部山区需求量变幅最大（-37.1%）。研究区海拔2000 m以上为生态系统产水服务供给区及供需高匹配度区，2000 m以下为需求区。需求量高值区在2000年后由北部向东南和西南山区转移，进而呈现出北部较高、西南中等、东南较低的供需匹配度时空分布格局。综合而言，六盘山区生态系统产水服务供需关系在时空维度和垂直带上呈现多维的非均衡分布规律，随时间和海拔增加，2000年前北部山区供需匹配度增加，西南、东南山区降低；而2000年后北部山区匹配度降低，西南、东南匹配度增加。研究结果揭示六盘山区水资源供需关系的空间分异规律，为干旱山区水资源优化配置提供科学依据。

Against the background of ecological protection and high-quality development in the Yellow River Basin, the water ecosystem service functions of the Liupan Mountain area, which is known as the wet island, have become increasingly critical to the arid Loess Plateau. Thus, the study aimed to establish an assessment method for the supply and demand of ecosystem water-yielding services suitable for mountainous regions. This method, combined with the Integrated Valuation of Ecosystem Services and Trade-offs model and a supply-demand matching index, was used to systematically evaluate the multidimensional differentiation characteristics of the supply and demand of ecosystem water-yielding services in this region across temporal and spatial dimensions. The results illustrated that in the previous three decades, the supply and demand of ecosystem water-yielding services in the Liupan Mountain area followed a pattern of first decreasing then increasing. The southeastern mountainous area experienced the most significant change in supply (13.1%), while the northern mountainous area experienced the largest change in demand (-37.1%). The study identified mountainous regions situated above 2000 m as supply zones for ecosystem water-yielding services and areas characterized by high degrees of supply-demand matching. Conversely, areas below 2000 m were considered predominantly demand zones. After the year 2000, high-demand areas shifted from the north to the southeastern and southwestern mountainous regions, thus forming a spatiotemporal distribution pattern of supply-demand matching degrees characterized by high, moderate, and low levels in the north, southwest, and southeast, respectively. In conclusion, the supply and demand of ecosystem water-yielding services in the Liupan Mountain area exhibited a multidimensional uneven distribution pattern across spatiotemporal dimensions and vertical zones. Over time and with increasing altitude, the matching degrees of supply and demand in the northern mountainous areas displayed an upward trend before the year 2000 but a downward trend in the southwestern and southeastern mountainous areas. Conversely, after the year 2000, the matching degree in the northern mountainous areas decreased, whereas that in the southwestern and southeastern areas increased. The findings revealed the spatial differentiation law of the supply-demand relationship of water resources in the Liupan Mountain area, which provides a scientific foundation for the optimal allocation of water resources in arid mountainous regions.