杭锦后旗不同盐渍土沙穴种植番茄对土壤水热盐的响应

doi:10.13866/j.azr.2021.03.10

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

河套灌区杭锦后旗各质地盐渍土壤的水分入渗性能、温度及含盐量不同,使土壤改良效果存在差异。为研究“沙穴”种植番茄对不同土质的土壤水分、温度、盐分的迁移规律,通过在土柱中填装3种典型土质（砂壤土、粉壤土、黏壤土）,同时布设沙穴,探索在滴灌条件下种植加工番茄以改良不同土壤质地的可行性。结果表明:沙穴种植对不同土质的水热盐迁移影响不同,沙穴种植能显著改善黏壤土土壤水分入渗性能,提高根系层土壤的湿润区面积及含水率,在深度20~40 cm相对增加了24.15%,但降低了砂壤土和粉壤土的保水性,土壤剖面含水率呈上干下湿的特点;沙穴种植可显著提高作物生长初期黏壤土的温度（P<0.05）,平均增温3.64 ℃,有利于初期幼苗生长发育,但对原状砂壤土和粉壤土的温度变化不显著,生育后期土壤温度随着气温变化均呈下降趋势;沙穴种植对土壤盐分具有淋洗作用,在深度>20 cm处,粉壤土和黏壤土的盐分淋洗效果显著（P<0.05）,平均相对脱盐率达23.28%和56.29%。综合分析沙穴种植对不同土质盐渍土土壤水热盐迁移规律,得出在杭锦后旗3种典型盐渍土中,黏壤土是最适宜沙穴改良方式的土质。

关键词: 沙穴, 盐渍土, 杭锦后旗, 土壤质地, 水分运动, 温度变化, 盐分淋洗, 加工番茄

Abstract:

There are many differences in the water infiltration, temperature, and salt content of the saline alkali soil in the Hetao irrigation district of Hanggin Rear Banner, which leads to different effects on soil improvement. This study aimed to examine the transport of soil moisture, temperature, and salt in different soil by “sand cave” planting tomatoes in saline soil by setting sand caves on three typical soils (sandy loam, silty loam, and clay loam) in the soil column. The results showed that sand cave planting has different effects on the distribution of water, heat, and salt in different soils. Sand cave planting significantly improves the water infiltration performance of silty clay loam soil, it increases the area and moisture content of root layer soil, and it can be increased by 24.15% at a depth of 20-40 cm. However, it reduced the water holding capacity of sandy loam and silty loam soil, and the water content of the soil profile was dry in the upper part and wet in the lower part. The temperature of undisturbed clay loam increased by 3.64 °C at the early stage of crop growth (P<0.05). These results show that there was no significant change in the temperature of sandy loam soil and silty loam soil, and the soil temperature showed a downward trend with the change in air temperature in the later growth stage. Additionally, the sand cave structure had a leaching effect on soil salt, the salt leaching effect of silt loam and clay loam was significant (P<0.05) at a depth of >20 cm, and the average relative desalination rate was 23.28% and 56.29%, respectively. Based on a comprehensive analysis of the law of water, heat, and salt transport of saline alkali soil in different soils by sand cave planting, it is concluded that among the three typical saline alkali soil in Hanggin Rear Banner, clay loam is the most suitable soil for sand cave planting. The research results inform the use of water-saving irrigation and the improvement of clay, saline soil to enable sustainable development of agricultural saline soil planting in arid areas.

Key words: sand cave, saline soil, Hanggin Rear Banner, soil texture, water movement, temperature change, salt leaching, processing toamto

何婧,屈忠义,刘霞,刘祖汀,孙宇乐. 杭锦后旗不同盐渍土沙穴种植番茄对土壤水热盐的响应[J]. 干旱区研究, 2021, 38(3): 682-694.

HE Jing,QU Zhongyi,LIU Xia,LIU Zuting,SUN Yule. Effect of planting tomato in sand cave on water, heat and salt transport in different saline soil in Hanggin Rear Banner[J]. Arid Zone Research, 2021, 38(3): 682-694.

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盐渍土及细沙	机械组成/%			土壤质地	EC_（1:5）/（μS·cm^-1)	pH
	黏粒	粉粒	砂粒
		0.05~2 mm	0.002~0.05 mm				<0.002 mm
盐渍土1	1.51	48.09	50.4	砂壤土	266.37	8.95
盐渍土2	8.16	78.64	13.2	粉壤土	2669.97	8.52
盐渍土3	27.07	56.64	16.29	黏壤土	1708.03	10.49
换沙（细沙）	0.16	4.72	95.12	砂土	133.53	7.72

处理	土壤种植结构	土壤质地	重复
S	原状土	砂壤土	1
SS	沙穴	砂土+砂壤土	2
L	原状土	粉壤土	1
SL	沙穴	砂土+粉壤土	2
C	原状土	黏壤土	1
SC	沙穴	砂土+黏壤土	3

生育期	时间/月-日	灌溉、施肥周期/d	灌溉、施肥比例/%	灌溉、施肥次数
移栽—现蕾期	06-18—06-30	13	12.5	1
现蕾—开花期	07-01—07-10	10	12.5	1
开花—坐果期	07-11—07-23	13	25	2
坐果—始熟期	07-24—09-17	56	30	3
始熟—终收期	09-18—10-12	26	20	2
全生育期		118	100	9

参数	测量原理	振荡电磁波/MHZ	测量范围	分辨率		精度
体积含水率 VWC/%	通过探针测量土壤的介电常数进行TOPP方程换算得体积含水率	70	0~50	1~20	0.1	溶液电导率<10 mS·cm^-1,精度±3%
体积含水率 VWC/%	通过探针测量土壤的介电常数进行TOPP方程换算得体积含水率	70	0~50	20~80	<0.75	溶液电导率<10 mS·cm^-1,精度±3%
温度T/℃	通过安装在表面的热敏电阻测定温度	70	-40~60	0.1		0.1 ℃
电导率 Bulk EC/（dS·m^-1）	通过两个电极施加变换的电流,测定电极间的抗阻得出	70	0~23	0~7	0.01	0~7,±10%
电导率 Bulk EC/（dS·m^-1）	通过两个电极施加变换的电流,测定电极间的抗阻得出	70	0~23	7~23	0.05	>7,用户校准

处理	土层深度/cm	土壤EC值/（dS·m^-1）			脱盐率/%	相对脱盐率/%
处理	土层深度/cm	初始	生育期末	变化量	脱盐率/%	相对脱盐率/%
S	5	0.18±0.002	0.19±0.001	-0.01±0.003	-5.56d(-1.98,+2.02)	-
	20	0.14±0.004	0.20±0.010	-0.12±0.010	-42.86d(-4.58,+4.86)	-
	35	0.22±0.011	0.25±0.024	-0.02±0.024	-10.05d(-9.74,+10.77)	-
SS	5	0.14±0.003	0.11±0.005	0.03±0.005	21.43a(-3.92,+4.08)	26.99(-5.90,+6.10)
	20	0.13±0.004	0.1±0.007	0.03±0.007	25.23b(-5.83,+6.19)	68.09(-10.40,+11.05)
	35	0.25±0.003	0.24±0.015	0.01±0.015	2.79c(-5.78,+5.90)	12.84(-15.52,+16.66)
L	5	0.58±0.030	0.83±0.035	-0.25±0.035	-43.02f(-5.56,+5.66)	-
	20	2.45±0.036	3.39±0.067	-0.94±0.067	-38.29d(-2.15,+2.21)	-
	35	5.59±0.020	6.25±0.032	-0.67±0.032	-11.96e(-0.53,+0.53)	-
SL	5	0.13±0.005	0.11±0.010	0.02±0.010	16.25b(-7.69,+8.33)	59.27(-13.26,+13.99)
	20	0.19±0.004	0.13±0.006	0.06±0.006	29.85a(-3.92,+4.08)	68.14(-6.07,+6.29)
	35	1.09±0.035	0.96±0.093	0.12±0.093	11.32b(-8.61,+9.19)	23.28(-9.14,+9.72)
C	5	0.23±0.018	0.28±0.021	-0.06±0.021	-24.33e(-6.44,+7.56)	-
	20	0.86±0.009	0.88±0.017	-0.02±0.017	-2.33c(-1.98,+2.02)	-
	35	1.88±0.069	2.04±0.083	-0.16±0.083	-8.74d(-3.95,+4.25)	-
SC	5	0.14±0.006	0.13±0.011	0.02±0.011	10.62c(-7.97,+8.63)	34.95(-14.41,+16.19)
	20	0.73±0.037	0.56±0.058	0.17±0.058	23.29b(-8.71,+9.63)	25.62(-10.70,+11.65)
	35	1.78±0.089	0.94±0.106	0.85±0.106	47.55a(-7.95,+8.78)	56.29(-11.9,+13.03)